STUDY ON LOCATIONS FOR FUTURE COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS UNIVERSITY ©p{QQR!WU!7A, SRI LANKA MORATUWA Senarathnage Nishantha Jayasinghe (07/8411) Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Department of Electrical Engineering University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka University of Moratuwa / 0 0 < ^ - ^ ^ 11111111 October 2011 100854 10C854 DECLARATION I declare that this is my own work and this dissertation does not incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a Degree or Diploma in any other University or institute of higher learning and to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where the acknowledgement is made in the text. Also, I hereby grant to Univesity of Moratuwa the non-exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my dissertation, in whole or in part in print, electronic or other medium. I retain the right to use this content in whole or part in future works (such as articles or books). The above candidate has carried out research for the Masters Dissertation under my supervision. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In presenting this research I extend my very sincere thanks to my worthy supervisor Prof. H.Y.R. Perera. If I have achieved anything spectacular in this effort it was purely due to his guidance and his utmost cordial way. My heartfelt thanks also go to my course coordinators and lecturers of postgraduate study course in Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to Mr. M.J. Thilakerathna (Deputy General Manager -IT), Dr. D.C.R. Abeysekera (Project Manager-SCADA Project), Mr. Samitha Midigaspe (Chief Engineer-Generation Planning), Dr H.M. Wijekoon (Chief Engineer-Planning and Development), Mr. Anuradha Perera (Electrical Engineer-Generation Planning), Mr. K. Pemesiri (Project Engineer-SCCM Project), Mrs. B.M.S. Gunasekara (Project Engineer- SCCM Project), of Ceylon Electricity Board, Mr. M. Ariyawansa, Mr. A.N.D. Perera of NARA and Mr. D.C. Wimalasiri (Assistant Divisional Secretary-Bandaragama) who gave their co-operation to conduct my investigation work successfully. It is a great pleasure to remember the kind co-operation extended by the colleagues in the post graduate programme, friends and specially my wife who helped me to continue the studies from start to end. n Abstract Evaluation of suitable sites for coal-fired thermal power plants is very important as there are several such plants to come up in the future. All generating plants except Upper Kotmale Hydro Power plant in "Long Term Generation Expansion Plan 2009-2022" published by the CEB are coal power plants. Two locations already have been identified for coal power plants at Norochcholei and Sampur for 900MW and 1000MW respectively. The study reveals that there is no provision to expand beyond the designed capacity at Norochcholei plant. There is no technical limitation to expand the designed capacity at Sampur plant. The aim of this study is to evaluate a further eight proposed sites analyzing following important factors which influence site suitability. These factors are; 1 Supply of coal and transportation facilities on land and at sea 2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 3 Proximity to the load centers / access to the national grid 4 Distance from populated area (Environmental aspects including impact on the population) 5 Depth of the sea near the coast 6 Availability of sufficient area for power plant, coal storage and ash disposal 7 Other factors 7.1 Access to the land 7.2 Topography/ geology 7.3 Meteorology 7.4 Hydrogeology 7.5 Natural hazards Of the eight sites to be evaluated the CEB has identified five tentative locations in its "Long Term Generation Expansion Plan 2009-2022" near Athuruwella, Mawella, Mirijjawela, Karagan Lewaya, and Mirissa along the southern coast. No detailed study has been done for these locations. Hence, initially, these five locations were taken into consideration for the study from among the eight proposed sites. Three additional locations are proposed by the author for consideration along the eastern coast. They are near Panama, Sangamankanda Point and Vakarei. Although CEB proposed Karagan Lewaya to be considered as a site it had to be abandoned subsequently because the GOSL has used this site for the recently commissioned Hambantota harbor. As a result of that the study is carried out based on the other seven proposed sites for detailed evaluation. Sri Lanka has no coal mines, thus coal needs to be imported to the sites from countries such as Indonesia, South Africa or Australia who have indigenous coal mines. Hence coal transporting has to be done by vessels to the site especially with Panamax size vessels and Cape size vessels to keep the cost at a minimum level. Another major factor is the supply sufficient water to the site in order to cool the process and process water. These two factors require that the site has to be close to the coast. in It can be seen that the four sites Athuruwella, Mawella, Mirissa and Mirijjawela on the southern coast are close to the populated areas and the lands in the vicinity are ideal for agriculture as well as tourism. Some major resettlement plans are required with a suitable compensation scheme when acquiring the lands for the sites at these four locations in the southern province. In contrast, however, the population density at Panama, Sangamankanda Point and Vakarei in the eastern province is comparatively low but the infrastructure needs to be developed. The grid substations at Ambalangoda, Matara, Hambantota, Ampara and Valachchena are considered as gateways to the national grid from the proposed locations. These can access only the 132kV grid and needs to be augmented to handle 220kV at the substation and transmission lines. Other major factor to be considered is the depth of the sea near the proposed site as this determines how far the vessels can approach the coast and hence estimates the distance of the coal unloading conveyor and the size of the jetty in the sea. Mirijjawela has the advantage of having use of the newly commissioned Hambantota harbor for this purpose as it is about 1 km away from the site. Acquiring of required land area for the proposed site needs to be carefully done. When it is needed to acquire the lands from the residents in the area a reasonable compensation scheme and resettlement plan has to be introduced. Therefore it is of great benefit and cost saving if government owned bare land is available in the proposed areas. Although access to the lands, topography/ geology, meteorology, hydrogeology, natural hazards are minor factors for site selection of a coal power plant, these should also be taken into consideration because the damages can be very high when natural hazards occur like the Tsunami in 2004, although this occurs rarely. The proposed locations should be selected away from any protected wildlife zones, sanctuaries and places with historical values in the country. Then proposed locations are analyzed based on the above factors and for comparison a site validation matrix is prepared with introducing a suitable marking scheme in order to select the best location for the next coal power generation plant. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No Declaration of the candidate & supervisor i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii-iv Table of content v-ix List of figures x List of tables xi List of abbreviations xii List of appendices xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Present and future state of electricity generation in Sri Lanka 2 1.2.1 Present electricity generation 2 1.2.2 Demand forecast 3 1.2.3 Future electricity generation plans 4 1.3 Motivation 4 2. Problem Statement 6 2.1 Identification of the problem 6 2.2 Objective of the study 6 2.3 Importance of the study 6 3. Basic Description of a Coal Power Plant 7 3.1 Basic description 7 3.2 Main components of a coal power plant 7 3.3 Makeup of a coal generating station 9 3.3.1 Turbines 10 3.3.2 Condenser 10 3.3.3 Cooling towers 11 3.3.4 Boiler feed pumps 11 3.3.5 Thermal stations and the environment 11 3.3.6 Coal combustion products 12 4. Site Selection Criterion 14 4.1 Major factors 14 v 4.1.1 Supply of coal and transportation facilities 14 4.1.1.1 Unit trains 14 4.1.1.2 Barges 15 4.1.1.3 Coal pipelines 16 4.1.1.3.1 Coal slurry pipelines 16 4.1.1.3.2 Coal log pipelines 16 4.1.1.4 Highway trucks 17 4.1.1.5 Ocean transport 17 4.1.2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 18 4.1.3 Proximity to load centers/ Access to the National Grid 19 4.1.4 Distance from populated area 21 4.1.5 Depth of the sea near the coast 23 4.1.6 Availability of sufficient area 23 4.2 Other factors 23 4.2.1 Access to the land 23 4.2.2 Topography/Geology 25 4.2.3 Meteorology 25 4.2.4 Hydrogeology 26 4.2.5 Natural hazards 28 4.2.5.1 Seismicity 28 4.2.5.2 Cyclones 29 4.2.5.3 Tsunami effect 31 5. Site Identification 33 5.1 Overview of Puttalam (Norochcholei) coal power plant 33 5.2 Overview of Trincomalee (Sampur) coal power plant 33 5.3 Overview of proposed sites 34 5.4 Athuruwella (Bentota) 35 5.4.1 Supply of coal 35 5.4.2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 36 5.4.3 Proximity to load centers/ Access to the National Grid 36 5.4.4 Distance from populated area 36 5.4.5 Depth of the sea near the coast 36 vi 5.4.6 Availability of sufficient area 37 5.4.7 Other factors 37 5.4.7. 1 Location and access 37 5.4.7. 2 Other climatic conditions 37 5 5 Mawella 38 5.5.1 Supply of coal 38 5.5.2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 39 5.5.3 Proximity to load centers/ Access to the National Grid 39 5.5.4 Distance from populated area 39 5.5.5 Depth of the sea near the coast 39 5.5.6 Availability of sufficient area 40 5.5.7 Other factors 40 5.5.7 1 Location and access 40 5.5.7 2 Other climatic conditions 40 5 6 Mirijjawela 41 5.6.1 Supply of coal 41 5.6.2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 42 5.6.3 Proximity to load centers/ Access to the National Grid 42 5.6.4 Distance from populated area 42 5.6.5 Depth of the sea near the coast 43 5.6.6 Availability of sufficient area 43 5.6.7 Other factors 43 5.6.7 1 Location and access 43 5.6.7 2 Other climatic conditions 43 5 7 Karagam Lewaya 44 5 8 Mirissa 45 5.8.1 Supply of coal 45 5.8.2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 46 5.8.3 Proximity to load centers/ Access to the National Grid 46 5.8.4 Distance from populated area 46 5.8.5 Depth of the sea near the coast 46 5.8.6 Availability of sufficient area 47 5.8.7 Other factors 47 5.8.7.1 Location and access 47 5.8.7.2 Other climatic conditions 47 5.9 Panama 48 5.9.1 Supply of coal 48 5.9.2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 49 5.9.3 Proximity to load centers/Access to the National Grid 49 5.9.4 Distance from populated area 49 5.9.5 Depth of the sea near the coast 50 5.9.6 Availability of sufficient area 50 5.9.7 Other factors 50 5.9.7.1 Location and access 50 5.9.7.2 Other climatic conditions 50 5.10 Sangaman Kanda Point 51 5.10.1 Supply of coal 51 5.10.2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 52 5.10.3 Proximity to load centers/ Access to the National Grid 52 5.10.4 Distance from populated area 52 5.10.5 Depth of the sea near the coast 53 5.10.6 Availability of sufficient area 53 5.10.7 Other factors 53 5.10.7.1 Location and access 53 5.10.7.2 Other climatic conditions 53 5.11 Vakarai 54 5.11.1 Supply of coal 54 5.11.2 Availability of sufficient cooling water and feed water 55 5.11.3 Proximity to load centers/ Access to the National Grid 55 5.11.4 Distance from populated area 55 5.11.5 Depth of the sea near the coast 55 5.11.6 Availability of sufficient area 56 5.11.7 Other factors 56 5.11.7.1 Location and access 56 V l l l 5.11.7.2 Other climatic conditions 56 6. Comparison of proposed sites 57 6.1 Site validation matrix 57 6.2 Comparison of proposed sites 61 7. Conclusion and recommendation 63 7.1 Conclusion 63 7.2 Recommendation 64 Reference List 65 Appendix A: Navigation map - Sri Lanka-West Coast-Weligama to Colombo 67 Appendix B: Navigation map - Sri Lanka-South Coast-Approach to Tangalle 68 Appendix C: Navigation map - Sri Lanka-South Coast-Approach to Hambantota 69 Appendix D: Navigation map - Sri Lanka-South Coast-Weligama to Hambantota70 Appendix E: Navigation map - Sri Lanka-East Coast-Little Basses Reef to Pulmoddai Roads 71 Appendix F: Navigation map - Sri Lanka-East Coast-Little Basses Reef to Pulmoddai Roads 72 Appendix G: Sea state 73 IX LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1 Total world electricity generations by fuel (2006) 5 Figure 3.1 Simplified coal-fired power plant 8 Figure 4.1 Unit train 15 Figure 4.2 Barges 15 Figure 4.3 A recirculation cooling water system 19 Figure 4.4 A typical desalination plant 19 Figure 4.5 Transmission network in Sri Lanka 20 Figure 4.6 Population density 21 Figure 4.7 Population distribution 22 Figure 4.8 The map of bathymetry 24 Figure 4.9 The map of rainfall distribution 27 Figure 4.10 Global seismic activities 28 Figure 4.11 Cyclone effect in Sri Lanka 30 Figure 4.12 Seismic hazard map of Sri Lanka 32 Figure 5.1 Proposed sites 34 Figure 5.2 Proposed site at Athuruwella 35 Figure 5.3 Proposed site at Mawella 38 Figure 5.4 Proposed site at Mirijjawila 41 Figure 5.5 Proposed sitea at Karagam Lewaya 44 Figure 5.6 Proposed site at Mirissa 45 Figure 5.7 Proposed site at Panama 48 Figure 5.8 Proposed site at Sangamankanda Point 51 Figure 5.9 Proposed site at Vakarai 54 X LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1.1 Electricity generation statistics 2 Table 1.2 The demand forecast in Sri Lanka 3 Table 1.3 Future electricity generation plans 4 Table 1.4 Coal in electricity generation in Sri Lanka 5 Table 3.1 Possible pollutants emission 13 Table 3.2 Pollutants emission estimate in Sri Lanka 13 Table 4.1 Monthly mean maximum temperatures 25 Table 4.2 Monthly humidity in day and night 26 Table 4.3 Monthly total rainfalls 27 Table 4.4 Monthly thunder days in 2009 29 Table 4.5 Monthly win speed and direction 31 Table 6.1 Site validation matrix 59 XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Description C Celsius CCP Coal Combustion Products CEA Central Environmental Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board CO2 Carbon Dioxide DS Divisional Secretariat DWT Dead Weight Tones GDP Gross Domestic Products GHG Green House Gas IEA International Energy Agency IPCC Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change IT Information Technology K Kelvin MSL Mean Sea Levels NARA National Aquatic Resource Agency SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition SCCM System Control Centre Modernization S 0 2 Sulfur Dioxide USA United States of America xii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Description Page Appendix A: Navigation Map - Sri Lanka-West Coast-Weligama to Colombo 67 Appendix B: Navigation Map - Sri Lanka-South Coast-Approach to Tangalle 68 Appendix C: Navigation Map - Sri Lanka-South Coast-Approach to Hambantota69 Appendix D: Navigation Map - Sri Lanka-South Coast-Weligama to Hambantota70 Appendix E: Navigation Map - Sri Lanka-East Coast-Little Basses Reef to Pulmoddai Roads 71 Appendix F: Navigation Map - Sri Lanka-East Coast-Little Basses Reef to Pulmoddai Roads 72 Appendix G: Sea State 73 xni