R E C I P I E N T B A S E D 
E N V I R O N M E N T A L M A N A G E M E N T P L A N 
F O R AN I N D U S T R I A L E S T A T E 
Mookiah Thiruche lvam 
Department of Civil Engineering 
University Of Moratuwa 
Sri Lanka 
September, 1997 
6 2 4 ^ 1 " 
62<9.5 
This thesis was prepared and submitted in partial fulfilment o f the Master's Degree in 
Environmental Engineering and Management to the Civil Engineering Department o f the 
Faculty o f Engineering, University o f Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. 
67400 
This thesis, "Recipient Based Environmental Management Plan for an Industrial 
Estate", is hereby approved as partial fulfilment o f the requirement for the degree o f Master 
o f Engineering in Environmental Engineering and Management. 
Department of Civil Engineering 
University of Moratuwa 
Moratuwa 
c<J(2n/v 
Thesis AdvlsoF 
Head of the Department 
Date: ^ / U / ^ 
DECLARATION 
This thesis has not been previously presented in whole or part to any university or 
institute for a higher degree. 
Mookiah Thiruchelvam 
September, 1997 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
This research was conducted under the supervision of Dr S Bhuvendralingam, senior lecturer, 
University o f Moratuwa to whom I am most grateful for his support and guidance during every 
phase o f my research. I also wish to express my gratitude to the course co-ordinator, Prof 
(Mrs) N Ratnayaka for giving her generous support whenever needed. 
This study could never have been completed satisfactorily without the help o f many others and I 
would like to take this opportunity to thank them, most sincerely. 
I would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance and facilities given towards the 
successful completion o f this study by the Natural Resources and Environmental Policy Project 
o f the United States Agency for International Development (NAREPP - USAID) Sri Lanka and 
greatly appreciate the encouragement given by its staff. 
I like to place on record my appreciation to the University o f Moratuwa for providing the 
opportunity to carry out this research and enabling me to use their library facilities. 
I wish to thank the Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Programme -Colombo for the use 
o f their resources and Dr Ravi Pereira for help in editing and final preparation o f this document. 
Finally, I owe a deep dept o f gratitude to my parents and my wife Vathsalyaharini for the 
constant encouragement and assistance given throughout the study. 
i 
A B S T R A C T 
The Government o f Sri Lanka (GOSL) has committed itself to establish 15 or more industrial 
estates through the Ministry o f Industrial Development (MID) at various locations in the island. 
These industrial estates would house medium and high polluting industries and have central 
effluent treatment facilities. The GOSL has two main objectives in embarking on this course o f 
action. The first being to generate employment in rural areas by promoting regional 
development and the second being to minimise the impact o f industrial pollution on the 
environment. 
The objective o f this research was to provide inputs into a conceptual - internal environmental 
management plan for an actual industrial estate (Waljapala Watta - near Minuwangoda in the 
Gampha district) identified by the MID. Central to this was the development o f an empirical 
model that could be used to determine the mix o f industries that would best suit the location 
based on the carrying capacity o f the environment. For simplicity and clarity in developing the 
model only two parameters namely air and water quality were considered which are the two 
important criteria in Sri Lanka's context. 
Data for development o f the model, and specifically for Waljapala Watta, was taken from the 
initial environmental examination conducted by the Natural Resources and Environmental 
Policy Project ( N A R E P P ) team. Probable values with reasons for using them were utilised in 
instances where data was not available. 
The conclusion that was derived from the model was that this method could be used 
empirically for determining the mix o f the industries for a given location as well as to assess 
the risk levels involved based on the carrying capacity o f the natural environment. For 
Waljapala Watta the model predicts that the best industrial mix would be any dry processing 
industries due to the reason that the carrying capacity o f the nearest water body Mapalam Oya 
has a limited carrying capacity based on its minimum flow rates. 
ii 
V Table of Contents 
Acknowledgement i 
Abstract ii 
Table o f Contents iii 
List o f Acronyms v 
List o f Tables vi 
List of Figures vii 
1. INTRODUCTION 1 
^ 1 .1 . T H E PROBLEM 1 
1 .2 . RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1 
1 .3 . APPROACH (SCOPE OF W O R K ) 2 
1.3.1. Background 2 
1.3.2. Research Methodology 3 
1.3.3. Scope of the Research 3 
1.3.4. Assumptions 4 
1.3.5. Organisation of the Report 4 
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 
2 . 1 . INDUSTRIAL ESTATE -CONCEPT 8 
2.1.1. Clustering Industries 8 
2.1.2. Site Selection 9 
2.1.3. Policy on Industrial Estate 10 
2.2. INDUSTRIAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT AND E I A 1 0 
2.2.1. Scope of the Present EIA Process 10 
2 . 3 . CARRYING CAPACITY 11 
2.3.1. The Concept of Carrying Capacity 11 
2.3.2. Previous Studies Based of Carrying Capacity 12 
2.3.3. Improvement Suggested in the Present Study 12 
3. ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY 13 
3 . 1 . INTRODUCTION 1 3 
3 . 2 . A I R QUALITY MODEL 1 3 
3.2.1. Theory 13 
3.2.2. The Brookhaven Modification: 14 
3.2.3. Development of the Model: 15 
3.2.4. Example: 17 
3 . 3 . W A T E R QUALITY MODEL: 2 2 
3.3.1. Theory 22 
3.3.2. One-Dimensional Modelling Approach 22 
3.3.3. Development of the Model: 24 
3.3.4. Example: 28 
IN 
•r 4. RESULTS 46 
4 . 1 . A I R QUALITY: 4 6 
4 .2 . W A T E R QUALITY: 4 6 
5. DISCUSSION 47 
5 . 1 . RECOMMENDATION TO A MANAGEMENT PLAN 4 7 
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49 
6 . 1 . CONCLUSIONS 4 9 
6 .2 . RECOMMENDATIONS 4 9 
7. REFERENCE 51 
8. ANNEXES 52 
IV 
List of Acronyms 
B O D Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand 
BOI Board o f Investment 
C E A Central Environmental Authority 
d day 
D F C C Development Finance Corporation o f Ceylon 
DO Dissolved Oxygen 
E I A Environmental Impact Assessment 
F T Z Free Trade Zone 
g gramme 
G O S L Government o f Sri Lanka 
ha hectare 
IDB Industrial Development Board 
I E E Initial Environmental Examination 
km kilometre 
1 litre 
L A Local Authority 
m metre 
max maximum 
mg milligrammes 
MID Ministry o f Industrial Development 
min minimum 
N A R E P P Natural Resources and Environmental Policy Project 
N B R O National Building Research Organisation 
N D B National Development Bank 
°C 0 Celsius 
RISC Regional Industrial Service Committee 
s seconds 
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter 
t tonne 
UDA Urban Development Authority 
USAID United States Agency for International Development 
List of Tables 
Table 1 Rating Of Sites According To 
Pollution Assimilative Capacity And Resource Availability 6 
Table 2 Pasquill Stability Types (Peavy, Et Al., 1985 14 
Table 3 Brookhaven Diffusion Parameters [CISIR Paper] 15 
Table 4 Input Data F o r Air Quality 19 
Table5 Calculations For Carrying Capacity 19 
Table 6 Calculations For Carrying Capacity (Contd.) 2 0 
Table 7 Input Data For Waljapala Watta 2 8 
Table 8 Mapalam Oya Calculation For Minimum Flow 3 0 
Table 9 Mapalam Oya Calculations At Average Flow Condition 32 
Table 10 Dadugam Oya Calculations For Average Flow Condition 3 4 
Table 11 On Site Drain At Average Flow Calculation 3 6 
Tablel2 Carrying Capacity For Mapalam Oya At Minimum Flow Condition 3 9 
Tablel3 Carrying Capacity For Mapalam Oya At Average Flow Condition 41 
Tablel4 Carrying Capacity For Dadugam Oya At Average Flow Condition 43 
Tablel5 Carrying Capacity For Onsite Drain 4 5 
Table 16 Carrying Capacity For Waljapala Watta - Air Quality 4 6 
Table 17 Carrying Capacity For Different Water Bodies 4 6 
vi 
List of Figures 
Figure 1 Summary Of Current Process For Siting Industrial Estates In Sri Lanka 
Figure 2 Research Methodology 
Figure 3 Location Map For Waljapala Watta 
Figure 4 Carrying Capacity Based On Different Pollutants 
Figure 5 Typical Oxygen Sag Curve Using The Equation 3.3.4 
Figure 6 Carrying Capacity - Mapalam Oya Minimum Flow Condition 
Figure 7 Carrying Capacity - Mapalam Oya Average Flow Condition 
Figure 8 Carrying Capacity - Dadugam Oya Average Flow Condition 
Figure 9 Carrying Capacity - Onsite Drain 
Figure 10 The Proposed Method For Industrial Siting And Determining 
Carrying Capacity 
v 
vii