A FRAMEWORK FOR EFFECTIVE STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY RETROFITS Mohamed Fasly Fathuma Fasna (178017L) Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Building Economics University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka June 2024 A FRAMEWORK FOR EFFECTIVE STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY RETROFITS Mohamed Fasly Fathuma Fasna (178017L) Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Department of Building Economics University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka June 2024 i DECLARATION I declare that this is my own work and this thesis does not incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a Degree or Diploma in any other University or institute of higher learning and to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where the acknowledgement is made in the text. Also, I hereby grant to University of Moratuwa the non-exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my thesis, in whole or in part in print, electronic, or other medium. I retain the right to use this content in whole or part in future works (such as articles or books). Signature: Date:02/06/2024 The above candidate has carried out research for the PhD thesis under my supervision. Name of Supervisor: Dr. Sachie Gunatilake Signature of the Supervisor: Date: 02.06.2024 ii ABSTRACT Though currently many organisations are under pressure to adopt Building Energy Efficiency Retrofits (BEER) and minimise energy consumption, still there is comparatively low level of implementation of BEER. This has been attributed to, inter alia, lack of proactive guidance for project teams to ensure that they make the right decisions to achieve the desired Energy Efficiency (EE) outcomes, involvement of numerous stakeholders from different disciplines in BEER projects, existence of complex interrelations among such stakeholders and reluctance to involve all such stakeholders within the internal decision-making process. Thus, it appears that informed decision-making and effective Stakeholder Management (SM) are essential to ensure successful implementation of BEER. Hence, this study was aimed at developing a SM framework to ensure effective SM throughout the decision-making process of BEER. A mixed method design following the “sequential exploratory” research design was adopted to achieve the research aim. Four Sri Lanka National Energy Efficiency Award (SLNEEA) winning hotel retrofit projects were selected from the Western province of the country, representing shallow and medium retrofit projects led by in-house teams and ESCO. Structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the stakeholders involved in the selected BEER projects. The collected qualitative data were analysed using the computer- based thematic and content analysis while the quantitative data were analysed using Social Network Analysis (SNA) and mathematical equations. This research identified the decision-making processes followed in in-house led and Energy Service Company (ESCO) led BEER projects. Findings further revealed, 24 stakeholders involved in the decision-making process along with their functions. 7 roles reflective of the nature of their involvement in the BEER project (i.e. decision-maker, performer, monitor/ observer, supporter, advisor, consultant, and informer) were also discovered. Moreover, SNA results also revealed 6 roles of stakeholders in different relationship networks of BEER (i.e. recipient, disseminator, peripheral actor, isolate, gatekeeper/broker, and focal actor). The “Facilities Manager” (FM) was identified as the “key player” with the highest level of influence and interest in in-house led projects. On the other hand, in ESCO led BEER projects, both the “ESCO” and “FM” were revealed to be the “key players”. Findings also revealed 20 CSFs and 62 strategies to ensure effective SM during different stages of BEER projects. These strategies include 8 strategies to effectively manage different stakeholder interests, 42 strategies to effectively deal with the identified CSFs for the effective SM, 9 suitable engagement approaches for managing stakeholders with different characteristics, and 3 strategies to improve stakeholder relationships. This study is novel in offering a framework that could help in ensuring effective SM within the decision-making process of BEER. The proposed SM framework consists of four main sections, addressing the decision-making process of BEER, stakeholder involvement, SM process, and CSFs for effective SM. It is believed that the outcomes of this study will serve as a roadmap for industry practitioners in implementing BEER projects whilst effectively managing the stakeholders, which could in turn enhance the level of adoption of BEER in the long run. Key words: Building Energy Efficiency Retrofits (BEER), Decision-making process, Hotel Sector, Social Network Analysis (SNA), Stakeholder Management (SM) iii DEDICATION This piece of work is wholeheartedly dedicated to my beloved family for their endless love, encouragement, and consistent support, which made me see this adventure through to the end. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to all the individuals who have supported me throughout this PhD journey. First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my research supervisors Dr. Sachie Gunatilake and Prof. Andrew Ross for their immense support and guidance. Without their valuable advice and constructive criticism, this PhD research would not have been made possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Anupa Manewa for her continuous support and valuable insights throughout my study, which helped me in directing this research towards success. A special thanks goes to all the interview participants for devoting their valuable time in sharing their views and experiences, despite their busy schedules. Especially, I would like to acknowledge Mr. Ranjith Pathmasiri (Managing Director, SEWIN Exergy Solutions (Pvt) Ltd), Mr. Rukshan Sheriff (Director/CEO of ECO33 – Sri Lanka), and Mr. Lahiru Munasinghe (Head of Engineering – Jetwing hotels) for their support in obtaining access to suitable cases. Further, I would like to extend my greatest appreciation to all academic and non-academic staff of Department of Building Economics - University of Moratuwa, for their invaluable support throughout my PhD journey. I am very grateful to Senate Research Committee of University of Moratuwa for funding this PhD (Grant SRC/LT/2018/28). Finally, I express my heartfelt thanks to my dear parents Mr. Mohamed Fasly and Mrs. Fathima Atheeka, for their love, care, continuous support, and encouragement. I owe very special thanks to my husband Mr. Shifky Mohamed for his love, support, and encouragement in all circumstances which helped me to make this effort a success. Last but not least, I owe special thanks to my lovely son Azlaf for bringing happiness and joy to my life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration .................................................................................................................... i Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii Dedication ................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement....................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................... xiii List of Tables.............................................................................................................. xv List of Abbreviations................................................................................................ xvii List of Appendices .................................................................................................... xix Chapter 01 .................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 Aim, Objectives, and Research Questions .................................................... 7 1.4 Research Methodology ................................................................................ 10 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study ............................................................ 12 1.6 Contribution to Knowledge and Originality ................................................ 13 1.7 Chapter Breakdown ..................................................................................... 13 Chapter 02 .................................................................................................................. 16 2 Decision-Making Process of BEER ................................................................... 16 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 16 2.2 Overview of Energy Efficiency (EE) and EE Improvement Approaches ... 16 2.3 Building Energy Efficiency Retrofits (BEER): Definitions and Benefits ... 18 vi 2.3.1 Types of retrofits .................................................................................. 21 2.4 A Review of Existing Decision-making Processes ..................................... 26 2.5 Conceptual Decision-making Process of BEER Projects ............................ 27 2.6 Enablers and Barriers for the Adoption and Implementation of BEER in Existing Buildings .................................................................................................. 34 2.7 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................ 37 Chapter 03 .................................................................................................................. 38 3 SM within the Context of BEER Projects .......................................................... 38 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 38 3.2 The Concept of ‘Stakeholder’ ..................................................................... 38 3.3 Stakeholder Management (SM) ................................................................... 41 3.3.1 Importance of SM to BEER projects ................................................... 42 3.4 SM Process .................................................................................................. 43 3.4.1 Identifying the stakeholders in implementing BEER .......................... 46 3.4.2 Stakeholder analysis ............................................................................. 49 3.4.3 Developing strategies for dealing with and managing the stakeholders (i.e. Action) ........................................................................................................ 58 3.5 A Review of Existing Stakeholder Analysis Methods ................................ 59 3.6 Need for a New SM Framework ................................................................. 60 3.7 SNA: An Overview ..................................................................................... 62 3.8 CSFs and Strategies for Effective SM in BEER ......................................... 66 3.9 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................ 70 Chapter 04 .................................................................................................................. 71 4 A Conceptual SM Framework ........................................................................... 71 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 71 vii 4.2 Conceptual SM Framework to Ensure Effective SM within the Decision- making Process of BEER Projects ......................................................................... 71 4.2.1 SNA based model for SM in the study ................................................ 76 4.3 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................ 78 Chapter 05 .................................................................................................................. 79 5 Research Methodology....................................................................................... 79 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 79 5.2 Research Process ......................................................................................... 79 5.3 Stage 1: Background Study ......................................................................... 79 5.4 Stage 2: Literature Synthesis ....................................................................... 81 5.5 Stage 3: Conceptual Framework Development ........................................... 82 5.6 Stage 4: Research Design ............................................................................ 82 5.7 Research Philosophy ................................................................................... 82 5.7.1 Philosophical position of the research.................................................. 83 5.8 Approaches to Theory Development ........................................................... 84 5.9 Methodological Choice ............................................................................... 85 5.10 Research Strategies .................................................................................. 86 5.10.1 Case study as a research strategy ......................................................... 86 5.11 Time Horizon ........................................................................................... 93 5.12 Research Techniques and Procedures ...................................................... 93 5.13 Stage 5: Data Collection .......................................................................... 94 5.13.1 Data collection process ........................................................................ 94 5.13.2 Respondents of the study ..................................................................... 98 5.14 Stage 6: Data Analysis and Discussion of the Findings ........................ 103 5.14.1 Analysis of semi-structured interview data: Thematic analysis and content analysis ................................................................................................ 103 viii 5.14.2 Analysis of structured interview data: SNA and mathematical equations 105 5.14.3 Within case analysis ........................................................................... 110 5.14.4 Cross-case analysis............................................................................. 110 5.15 Stage 7: Refinement and Validation of SM Framework........................ 111 5.16 Stage 8: Conclusions, Recommendations, and Limitations of the Study 112 5.17 Reliability and Validity of the Research Findings ................................. 112 5.18 Chapter Summary .................................................................................. 113 Chapter 06 ................................................................................................................ 116 6 Decision-Making Process for the Adoption and Implementation of BEER in Existing Hotel Buildings .......................................................................................... 116 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 116 6.2 Phase 1 Data Analysis: Background and Processes Adopted ................... 116 6.3 Perception on BEER and Reasons for the Adoption of Selected BEER Projects ................................................................................................................. 117 6.4 Decision-making Process for the Adoption and Implementation of BEER Projects ................................................................................................................. 120 6.4.1 Decision-making process of BEER projects: In-house led scenario .. 123 6.4.2 Decision-making process of BEER projects: ESCO led scenario ..... 127 6.5 Roles and Functions of Stakeholders in the Adoption and Implementation of BEER Projects ...................................................................................................... 130 6.5.1 Stakeholders and their roles and functions in different stages of the BEER project: In-house led scenario ............................................................... 133 6.5.2 Stakeholders and their roles and functions in different stages of the BEER project: ESCO led scenario ................................................................... 138 6.6 Enablers and Barriers for the Adoption and Implementation of BEER .... 143 ix 6.6.1 Enablers for the adoption and implementation of BEER ................... 143 6.6.2 Barriers for the adoption and implementation of BEER .................... 149 6.6.3 SFs for the adoption and implementation of BEER projects ............. 158 6.7 Discussion of the Findings ........................................................................ 161 6.7.1 Perception on BEER and reasons for the adoption of selected BEER projects 161 6.7.2 Decision-making process of BEER projects ...................................... 162 6.7.3 Stakeholders and their involvement (i.e. functions and roles) in different stages of the BEER project ................................................................ 166 6.7.4 Enablers and Barriers for the Adoption and Implementation of BEER 170 6.8 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................... 172 Chapter 07 ................................................................................................................ 174 7 Stakeholder Analysis within the Context of BEER in Existing Hotel Buildings 174 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 174 7.2 Phase 2 Data Analysis: Background and Processes Adopted ................... 174 7.2.1 Rationale for prioritising the stakeholders and SFs ........................... 175 7.3 Stakeholder Analysis within the Context of BEER Using Influence-Interest Matrix ................................................................................................................... 176 7.4 Interests of Stakeholders in the Adoption and Implementation of BEER . 177 7.5 Influence of Stakeholders in the Adoption and Implementation of BEER 186 7.6 Influences of Stakeholders on BEER Project Success .............................. 187 7.6.1 Relationships between the stakeholders and SFs of BEER project (i.e. Influence of stakeholders on SFs) .................................................................... 187 7.6.2 Influence of each SF on project success ............................................ 195 7.6.3 Influence of each stakeholder on project success .............................. 199 x 7.7 Stakeholder Interrelationships in terms of Communication, Information Exchange, and Knowledge Exchange .................................................................. 204 7.7.1 Structure and properties of communication network ......................... 206 7.7.2 Structure and properties of information exchange network ............... 220 7.7.3 Structure and properties of knowledge exchange network ................ 235 7.8 Influence-Interest Matrix of Selected BEER Projects ............................... 249 7.9 Discussion of the Findings ........................................................................ 255 7.9.1 Interests of each stakeholder in the adoption and implementation of BEER 255 7.9.2 Influences of each stakeholder on BEER project success .................. 257 7.9.3 Stakeholder interrelationships in terms of communication, information exchange, and knowledge exchange ................................................................ 259 7.9.4 Stakeholder analysis within the context of BEER using influence- interest matrix................................................................................................... 264 7.10 Chapter Summary .................................................................................. 266 Chapter 08 ................................................................................................................ 267 8 CSFs and Strategies for the Effective SM in BEER in Existing Hotel Buildings 267 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 267 8.2 CSFs for the Effective SM in BEER in Hotel Buildings .......................... 267 8.3 Strategies for the Effective SM in BEER in Hotel Buildings in Sri Lanka 281 8.3.1 Strategies to effectively manage different stakeholder interests ........ 281 8.3.2 Strategies to effectively deal with the identified CSFs for the effective SM 286 8.3.3 Suitable engagement approaches for managing stakeholders with different characteristics .................................................................................... 293 xi 8.4 Discussion of the Findings ........................................................................ 300 8.5 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................... 306 Chapter 09 ................................................................................................................ 307 9 Refinement and Validation of the Framework for Ensuring Effective SM within the Decision-Making Process of BEER ................................................................... 307 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 307 9.2 Refined SM Framework to Ensure Effective SM within the Decision- making Process of BEER Projects ....................................................................... 307 9.3 Validation of the Refined SM Frameworks............................................... 315 9.3.1 Agreement with the refined SM frameworks ..................................... 316 9.3.2 Usefulness of the SM framework during the course of BEER .......... 318 9.3.3 Applicability of the refined SM frameworks to sectors other than hotels 320 9.4 Strengths and Limitations of the Developed SM Framework ................... 322 9.5 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................... 324 Chapter 10 ................................................................................................................ 325 10 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................ 325 10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 325 10.2 Overview of the Research and the Adopted Research Process ............. 325 10.3 Conclusions Drawn from the Study ....................................................... 327 10.3.1 Objective 1: Critically review and evaluate the decision-making aspects in adoption and implementation of BEER projects, SM process including existing stakeholder analysis methods and indicators for assessing different stakeholder interrelationships, and necessity of SM in BEER projects ........... 327 10.3.2 Objective 2: Develop a conceptual SM framework to ensure the effective SM throughout the BEER decision-making process ......................... 329 xii 10.3.3 Objective 3: Investigate the decision-making process in the adoption and implementation of BEER in existing hotel buildings in Sri Lanka ........... 330 10.3.4 Objective 4: Evaluate the interests and influences of each stakeholder on BEER project .............................................................................................. 333 10.3.5 Objective 5: Assess the stakeholder interrelationships and the structure and properties of stakeholder networks............................................................ 336 10.3.6 Objective 6: Investigate the CSFs and strategies for the effective SM in BEER in existing hotel buildings in Sri Lanka ................................................ 338 10.3.7 Objective 7: Refine and validate the developed conceptual SM framework to ensure the effective SM in BEER projects in existing hotel buildings by mapping the findings from the above objectives ........................ 340 10.4 Contribution of Knowledge ................................................................... 342 10.4.1 Theoretical contribution ..................................................................... 342 10.4.2 Methodological contribution .............................................................. 343 10.4.3 Empirical contribution ....................................................................... 344 10.5 Limitation of the Study .......................................................................... 345 10.6 Recommendations and Further Research .............................................. 346 10.6.1 Recommendations for government and industry institutions like SLSEA 346 10.6.2 Recommendations for the industry practitioners including ESCOs .. 347 10.6.3 Recommendations for academics on the directions for further research 347 References ................................................................................................................ 349 List of Research Publications ................................................................................... 392 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 394 xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Research questions .................................................................................... 9 Figure 2.1: EE improvement approaches to enhance the EE of the buildings ........... 17 Figure 2.2: Classifications of BEER types based on different criteria ...................... 22 Figure 2.3: Modified classification of BEER types ................................................... 23 Figure 2.4: Conceptual decision-making process of BEER project ........................... 29 Figure 3.1: Stakeholders of BEER projects: Literature review findings ................... 47 Figure 3.2: Stakeholder relationship types in a project .............................................. 54 Figure 3.3: Key stages of the network analysis process............................................. 65 Figure 4.1: Conceptual SM framework to ensure the effective SM throughout the BEER decision-making process ................................................................................. 73 Figure 4.2: SNA based model for SM ........................................................................ 77 Figure 5.1: Research process ..................................................................................... 80 Figure 5.2: Criteria for case selection ........................................................................ 89 Figure 5.3: Case study process of the study ............................................................... 92 Figure 5.4: Iterations of phase 2 data collection and their purpose ........................... 96 Figure 6.1: Structure of the themes .......................................................................... 116 Figure 6.2: Respondents’ perception on BEER ....................................................... 118 Figure 6.3: Decision-making process of BEER project under in-house led scenario .................................................................................................................................. 121 Figure 6.4: Decision-making process of BEER project under ESCO led scenario . 122 Figure 6.5: Stakeholders and their roles and functions in different stages of BEER project under in-house led scenario.......................................................................... 131 Figure 6.6: Stakeholders and their roles and functions in different stages of BEER project under ESCO led scenario ............................................................................. 132 Figure 6.7: Derived SFs for the adoption and implementation of BEER ................ 159 Figure 7.1: Criteria for prioritising the SFs for the adoption and implementation of BEER ....................................................................................................................... 176 Figure 7.2: Key components of influence-interest matrix ....................................... 176 Figure 7.3: Steps to determine the stakeholder influence on project success .......... 187 Figure 7.4: Two-mode network of Stakeholders vs. SFs of BEER projects ............ 189 xiv Figure 7.5: Communication networks of the selected cases .................................... 207 Figure 7.6: Information exchange networks of the selected cases ........................... 221 Figure 7.7: Knowledge exchange networks of the selected cases ........................... 236 Figure 7.8: Influence-interest matrices of selected four cases ................................ 250 Figure 8.1: Strategies to effectively manage different stakeholder interests within the decision-making process of BEER........................................................................... 282 Figure 8.2: Strategies to effectively deal with the identified CSFs for effective SM within the context of BEER ..................................................................................... 287 Figure 8.3: Engagement approaches for managing stakeholders with different characteristics in a BEER project ............................................................................. 294 Figure 9.1: Refined and validated SM framework for in-house led projects ........... 308 Figure 9.2: Refined and validated SM framework for ESCO led projects .............. 309 xv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Definitions for BEER ................................................................................ 19 Table 2.2: Benefits of BEER ...................................................................................... 20 Table 2.3: Comparison of shallow, medium, and deep retrofits ................................ 25 Table 2.4: Enablers and Barriers for the adoption and implementation of BEER ..... 36 Table 3.1: Definitions for stakeholder ....................................................................... 39 Table 3.2: Definitions for SM .................................................................................... 41 Table 3.3: Key steps of SM process: Literature review findings ............................... 44 Table 3.4: Definitions for stakeholder interests ......................................................... 50 Table 3.5: Interests of different stakeholders in the adoption and implementation of BEER ......................................................................................................................... 51 Table 3.6: Brief overview of key stakeholder relationships ...................................... 56 Table 3.7: CSFs for effective SM .............................................................................. 67 Table 5.1: Details of the respondents ....................................................................... 100 Table 5.2: Tactics adopted within this study to test the research quality ................. 114 Table 6.1: Reasons for the adoption and implementation of BEER projects........... 119 Table 6.2: Enablers for the adoption and implementation of BEER during different stages of process ....................................................................................................... 144 Table 6.3: Barriers for the adoption and implementation of BEER during different stages of process ....................................................................................................... 150 Table 7.1: Interests pertinent to each stakeholder, weighted importance of the respective interests to the associated stakeholders, and each stakeholder’s level of interest in the project ................................................................................................ 178 Table 7.2: Weighted importance of the stakeholder interests in the adoption and implementation of BEER ......................................................................................... 180 Table 7.3: Stakeholders’ influence on the SFs and their total influence on project success ...................................................................................................................... 190 Table 7.4: Priority/rank of SFs for the adoption and implementation of BEER based on their influence on project success ....................................................................... 196 Table 7.5: Degree centrality of the stakeholders and their associated roles in communication network ........................................................................................... 213 xvi Table 7.6: Influence level of the stakeholders and their associated priorities in communication network ........................................................................................... 214 Table 7.7: Degree centrality of the stakeholders and their associated roles in information exchange network ................................................................................. 227 Table 7.8: Influence level of the stakeholders and their associated priorities in information exchange network ................................................................................. 228 Table 7.9: Degree centrality of the stakeholders and their associated roles in knowledge exchange network .................................................................................. 241 Table 7.10: Influence level of the stakeholders and their associated priorities in knowledge exchange network .................................................................................. 242 Table 8.1: CSFs for effective SM during different stages of BEER project ............ 268 xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Description A/C Air Conditioners APM Association for Project Management BEER Building Energy Efficiency Retrofits BEMS Building Energy Management System BMS Building Management System BOQ Bill of Quantities CEO Chief Executive Officer CSFs Critical Success Factors CPDs Continuous Professional Developments DGM Deputy General Manager EE Energy Efficiency EEBH Energy Efficient Buildings Hub EPC Energy Performance Contract ESCO Energy Service Company ESCOs Energy Service Companies ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistant Programme FM Facilities Manager FMgt Facilities Management GHG Greenhouse Gas GM General Manager HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning IAQ Indoor Air Quality xviii IEQ Indoor Environmental Quality IFCSL International Finance Corporation Sri Lanka M&V Measurement & Verification NGOs Non-Government Organisations NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory PMI Project Management Institute PTF-EDSM Presidential Task Force on Energy Demand Side Management QS Quantity Surveyor REP Renewable Energy Partners ROI Return on Investment SEAI Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland SF Success Factor SFs Success Factors SLEMA Sri Lanka Energy Managers Association SLNEEA Sri Lanka National Energy Efficiency Award SLSEA Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority SLTDA Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority SM Stakeholder Management SNA Social Network Analysis T&C Test & Commissioning VSD Variable Speed Drives xix LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A: Decision-making processes/approaches - Literature review findings 394 Appendix B: Criteria for evaluating BEER measures.............................................. 395 Appendix C: Benefits that could be gained through effective SM .......................... 396 Appendix D: Stakeholders of BEER projects, their definitions, and their functions .................................................................................................................................. 398 Appendix E: Approaches/strategies to deal with project stakeholders .................... 403 Appendix F: Popular stakeholder analysis methods: An overview ......................... 406 Appendix G: Definitions of SNA terminologies ...................................................... 411 Appendix H: A comparison of one-mode vs. two-mode network models ............... 413 Appendix I: SNA metrics: A brief overview ........................................................... 415 Appendix J: Profile of the selected cases ................................................................. 422 Appendix K: Phase 1 - Case study interview guideline for employees attached to the selected hotel building.............................................................................................. 426 Appendix L: Phase 1 - Case study interview guideline for employees attached to the ESCO ....................................................................................................................... 436 Appendix M: Phase 1 - Case study interview guideline for other stakeholders involved in the project .............................................................................................. 445 Appendix N: Phase 2 Round 1 - Case study interview guideline for stakeholders of in-house led BEER projects ..................................................................................... 453 Appendix O: Phase 2 Round 1 - Case study interview guideline for stakeholders of ESCO led BEER projects ......................................................................................... 472 Appendix P: Phase 2 Round 2 - Case study interview guideline for stakeholders of Case IH1 ................................................................................................................... 492 Appendix Q: Phase 2 Round 3 - Case study interview guideline for stakeholders of Case IH1 ................................................................................................................... 504 Appendix R: Phase 1 – Sample case study interview transcript of employees attached to the selected hotel building ................................................................................... 514 Appendix S: Phase 2 Round 1 - Sample case study interview transcript of stakeholders of in-house led BEER projects ............................................................ 543 Appendix T: Data analysis process and the respective levels of coding.................. 591 xx Appendix U: Phase 2 Round 2 - Sample case study interview transcript of stakeholders of Case IH1 ......................................................................................... 592 Appendix V: Phase 2 Round 3 - Sample case study interview transcript of stakeholders of Case IH1 ......................................................................................... 603 Appendix W: Profile of the experts involved in focus group discussions ............... 614 Appendix X: Decisions to be made throughout a BEER project ............................. 618 Appendix Y: Activities to be performed throughout a BEER project ..................... 619 Appendix Z: Stakeholders and their functions in the adoption and implementation of BEER ....................................................................................................................... 621 Appendix AA: Higher level coding of stakeholder interests ................................... 628