I 
t 
V 
Chapter Five 
Chapter Five 
Conclusions and Recommendations 
This Chapter sets out t bring forward several general conclusions with regards to the 
role of the Design Dimension in Town Planning or Urban Development Planning, and 
the potential indicators, variable and methods in capturing the same discussed in this 
Study. Moreover, based on the findings of the Study several General and Case Study 
Specific Recommendation with regards to the incorporation of the Design Dimension 
to the Planning Process were evolved. 
5.1 Conclusions 
Design Dimension, it can be rightfully claimed, is an integral part of Town/City 
Planning as the formulation and articulation of the spatial framework for integrated 
development is the ultimate focus of any Town Development Plan. In other terms, the 
final outcomes of any Town Plan are with spatial implications in the nature of 
additions, modifications, preservation, improvements etc. to an existing spatial frame 
work of an area concerned. Hence, Town Plans prepared disregarding the Design 
Dimension, it can be justifiably said, would not make holistic towns/cities. In fact, 
this study stresses the idea that Town Planning should, from the inception, be a 
Spatial Design Exercise. 
This study promotes a Town or a City as the main Sensuous Framework - visual, 
aural, olfactory and tactile framework - which provides the base for all endeavors of 
man - his socio-cultural and spatial behaviour. Every Town/City (or any 
micro/macro, natural/man-made environmental unit) has its own unique sensuous 
framework, which is identified and promoted as the 'Character' of that, which in turn 
forms the base for the Design Dimension of it. Design dimension of an environment, 
thus, is not merely concerned with beauty as is misconceived by many in the planning 
field; it is much more concerned with the integration of all aspects related to people 
and their living environment. 
The social importance of an environment (be it a Town/City, Rural Area or a part of 
it) having a unique and good sensory quality (which is the direct manifestation and 
interpretation of the sensuous framework/Character/ Design Dimension of it) 
recognized world-widely as it is the responsive attribute of any environment which, 
© promotes the sense of belonging towards its users directly and indirectly 
improving their productivity, 
o provide a democratic setting towards its users which contributes to maximize 
the 'choice' available. 
Capturing and incorporation of the Design Dimension of an environment - Town/City 
- is said to affect 'Public Choice' in several ways; According to Alcock, B. & 
McGlynn, S. Smith, G. Murrain, P. (1985) it affects, 
o where people can go and where they cannot (only places which are accessible 
to people can offer them choice), 
o range of uses available to people (availability of Variety of Uses or Diverse 
Environments) 
° how easily people can understand what opportunities are in offer (how legible 
an environment is / how easily people can understand the structure of an 
environment), 
o the degree to which people can use a given environment for different purposes 
(availability of places which can be used for many different purposes), 
o Whether the detailed appearance of an environment makes people aware of the 
choices available, 
o Peoples choice of sensory experiences, 
o The extent to which people can put their own stamp on an environment 
Hence, it is strongly stressed that the proper capturing, understanding and addressing 
of the unique Design Dimension / Character of an environment - a Town/City - is of 
vital importance in any Town Planning Exercise. 
It was observed, in this s tudy , that the current Town Planning Approaches in Sri 
Lanka do not accommodate the Design Dimension of an environment in a holistic 
wav. A l t h o u g h the o u t c o ' n *s of the Town Plan are mostlv design related - Land U s e 
131 
Zoning, Density Zoning. Deveh-'^rrnt C". ; • Plans, Planning and Building 
Regulations - , at the Survey and Analysis stages, consideration is given to 
conventional physical, economic, social environmental data in a non-spatial way. 
There happen to be several obvious reasons for such drawbacks in the current Town 
Planning Process in Sri Lanka. 
One reason is directly related to the education and training of Town Planners in Sri 
Lanka. Though reviewing Town Planning education is not the specific aim of this 
study, it should be highlighted that the fifteen hour exposure to Urban Design for post 
graduate students in Town Planning (majority of them coming from fields not allied 
to design) is not in the least sufficient for them to start even sensing the environment 
in a design oriented way. It is thought too early to review the undergraduate 
education in Town Planning (as it was commenced only very recently); however, the 
incorporation of Design related studies can be recognized as a positive attempt 
towards overcoming the above identified drawback. 
At the practice level also, most of the town plans are prepared without the positive 
incorporation of the Design Dimension. Normally, Urban Design inputs are 
considered at the proposal stage at the level of action projects and the involvement of 
the urban designer is sought at that stage. Even in the instances where an Urban 
Designer is involved in plan preparation from the initial stages, the town planner and 
the urban designer (and others such as the transport planner, social planner etc.) work 
more or less in isolation meeting and brainstorming occasionally. Both these could be 
called piecemeal approaches as they do not have the full probability of considering 
Design Dimension as an integral part of a Town Plan in all related aspects from the 
inception. 
The writer, thus acknowledges and supports the idea of many 
scholars/researches in the field of Urban Planning/Urban Design that Town 
Planning should be seen as a spatial Design Exercise; the Design Dimension 
should be considered an integral part of a Town Plan from the inception and the 
Town Planner should be competent and skilled to capture, understand and 
132 
address the Design Dimension of an environment in Survey, Analysis/Synthesis 
and Proposal! stages of a Town Plan. 
This focus us on main reason for the drawbacks in the positive incorporation of 
Design Dimension - the non-availability of easily comprehensible, easily applicable 
criteria and methods to grasp the Design Dimension of Town/City, proposing 
potential answers for which was attempted in this study. 
The study identified the constituents (Spatial Form and Its Accompanying Conditions, 
Visible Life and Activity and Meaning) and Causative Factors (associated Historical 
and Cultural Aspects, Functional and Geographical aspects) of Character of a 
Town/City which were interpreted as the Indicators and Variables of Design 
Dimension of it. The nature, characteristics, performance and contribution of these 
indicators individually and collectively in manifesting the Design Dimension of a 
Town/City was further established. 
While acknowledging the fact that there exist more potential, more developed and 
more comprehensive methods for studying the Design Dimension of a Town/City, the 
study promoted the adoptability of two commonly used Survey methods - the Field 
Reconnaissance Survey and the Public Perception Survey - and Analysis Methods -
SWOT Analysis and Graphical Spatial Analysis - in the Planning Process in Sri lanka, 
to address the Design Dimension of a Town/City. The appropriateness of the 
Indicators and variables of Design Dimension identified and the applicability of the 
methods in capturing the Desing Dimension was further strengthened through the 
application of the same in a Case Study Area - Panadura Town Center. 
Based on the findings of both literature analysis on the Design Dimension, the process 
followed and the findings of the Case Study certain general and case specific 
recommendations could be formulated. 
5.2 Recominnieirndatioinis 
Recommendations are given mainly in two forms; 
° General Recommendations 
•> .;z Study Specif:J T>.eco..,.mc.idati. 
General recommendations cover planning education, planning practice and general 
recommendations related to addressing the Design Dimension of an environment. 
5.2.1 General Recommendations — Planning Education 
o Town Planning should be considered and approached mainly as a Spatial 
Design Exercise and the Design Dimension of a Town/City should be 
considered as an integral part of it in relation to its social, physical 
economic and environmental aspects. 
o Sensing, studying an environmental unit - regardless being a micro 
environment such as a neighborhood , housing scheme etc. or a micro 
environmental unit such as a Town/City or a part of it - in a design 
oriented way should be the base of any Town Planning / Town Design 
exercise. 
In this orientation it is recommended to, 
o Consider Design Dimension as a core area of Study both in Post graduate 
studies in Town Planning, Urban Development, Land Use Planning, 
Housing Development Planning and Housing development etc. and, 
Undergraduate studies in Town Planning. 
o Include education related to Design Dimension of an Environment as a 
foundation subject which continues incrementally throughout the Post 
Graduate study Course/s. 
o Recognize, Spatial Design as a core subject that includes and address all 
the main aspects of Town Planning at undergraduate level and to provide 
opportunities to give adequate practical exposure for the students on the 
related aspects and complexities of Design Dimension of an environment. 
o Positively incorporate, at both Postgraduate and Undergraduate levels, the 
Design Dimension related skill development - Graphical Communication 
;!v ../ling t ; i d ;:ec!inical drawing), 3-D . ' p . g , pho.^graphy, 
videography, computer aided drawing, spatial information systems, 
computer based recording and analysis methods etc. especially in relation 
with integrated project exercises. 
Adopt Field Reconnaissance Survey and Public Perception Survey 
Methods as potential methods of Survey which can absorb Design 
Dimension of an environment in all its related aspects. 
Adopt SWOT Analysis and Graphical Spatial Analysis Methods as 
potential Methods of Analysis of Design Dimension in all its related 
Aspects. Sieve Map Technique also could be adopted as a potential 
Graphical Analysis Method for this purpose. 
Search for opportunities for the Geographic Information System to be used 
as a potential and more scientific tool for spatial analysis in relation to 
Design Dimension of an environment. 
'Space Syntax' Technique introduced and practiced in United Kingdom 
(Prof. Bill Hillier, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College, 
London) also would be a highly potential tool for the study of Design 
Dimension of an environment. 
Numerous further research avenues, with regards to the 
o Nature, characteristics, performance, inter-relationships and 
contributions of the main and sub-indicators of Design Dimension 
identified 
o the potential methods of Survey and Analysis of Design Dimension 
o Design Products 
o Implementation Mechanisms (financial, legal, administrative) of 
Design 
have enormous potential to evolve and develop in Sri Lanka, parallel to 
already established research avenues in many countries in the world. 
Therefore, the establishment of an Urban Design Research Base in the 
Faculty of Architecture shall be a positive as well as essential step forward 
in this regard. 
5.2.2 General! R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s - P lann ing Prac t ice 
o Urban Design function should be under the guidance and supervision of a 
single body such as the Urban Development Authority which will link up 
with the local government bodies in preparing urban planning/design 
proposals. 
o Urban Design shall be considered as a part of Local Government function 
and shall be incorporated into the administrative framework of the local 
Government thus ensuring the effective preparation, implementation, 
monitoring and management of the Design Proposals. 
o Each local government body shall form an Urban Planning/Design Unit 
either individually or in collaboration with private Urban Design Group 
headed by a Director (Planning/Design) which in turn shall work together 
with the central body in preparation and management of Urban Design 
proposals for the particular area. 
o Deployment of highly competent and skillful Town Planners with a good 
design sense at local government level shall be of vital importance. 
o Town Planning Professionals currently in practice should be exposed to 
the Design Aspect of Town Planning together with related skill 
development through well developed intensive training programmes. 
o Methods should be developed and introduced especially to the Local 
Government Bodies in order to maintain regular records on the Design 
Dimension (the characteristics related to the Spatial Form and 
accompanying conditions, Visible Life and Activity and Meaning) of the 
particular local area. 
136 
5.2.3 Genera l R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s - To Addres s the Design Dimension of a 
Town/Ci ty 
o Spatial Design Process can be conceptualized as follows; 
Field Reconnaissance 
Survey 
Literature 
Survey 
Public Perception 
Survey 
Geographical 
Aspects <5-t> 
I 
Spatial Form 
and its 
Accompanying 
Conditions 
1 
Visible 
Life and 
Activity 
Functional 
Aspects 
Meaning 
<a-e> 
I 
Historical 
and 
Cultural 
Aspects 
SWOT Analysis/ Graphical Analysis 
Identification of opportunities and 
Limitations with regards to the Design 
Dimension 
Monitoring 
and Feed 
Back 
Conceptual Design 
(Formulation of Vision. Goals and 
Objectives) 
I 
Alternative Spatial Design Strategies 
Evaluation & selection of the 
Potential Design Strategy 
Policies Plan (< > 
1 
Guidelines Programmes 
V 
o Proposals related to Design Dimension of an Environment shall come 
out as, 
o Policies - General framework for the preparation of Spatial 
Strategies 
o Plan - Three dimensional depiction of Spatial Design 
Policies 
o Guidelines - Design framework to address specific units of 
the Spatial Form suggested by the Plan 
o Programs - framework to improve, maintain and preserve 
the existing as well as the environments that will 
be created. (Shirvani, H. 1985, pp. 1 4 4 - 153) 
o Urban Design Policies shall cover areas such as, 
o Policies related to spatial design process 
o Policies related to Implementation, Monitoring and Feed Back 
policies related to administrative mechanism, 
policies related to financial mechanisms, 
policies related to legislative mechanisms 
o Policies related to Urban Design shall cover the following areas; 
o Perceptual Identity 
o Arrangement of general spatial structure 
o Building Form and Massing 
o Use of Land Marks 
o Character Zoning 
o Land Use / Activity Zoning 
o Circulation and Parking 
o Organization of Signage 
o Conservation 
o Special Districts 
-> Usage of Materials 
o Landscaping 
=> Any other matter significant to the particular area considered 
138 
o Urban Design Guidelines shouid be prepared to address the policy 
framework and the spatial proposals indicated in the Urban Design 
Flan and should include following features; 
o Purpose and objectives of the guidelines, 
o Classification of major and minor issues to be covered, 
o Applicability, 
o Examples Illustrating some applications (Shirvani, H. 1985, p. 152) 
L2.4 Specific Recommenda t ions - To A d d r e s s the Design Dimension of 
the C a s e Study Area ( P a n a d u r a Town) 
A brief out line of Policies are prepared in conjunction with the Conceptual Urban 
Design Proposal (Map 5.1.1) prepared for the Pandura Urban Area under the items 
identified as per the General Design Recommendations; 
o Perceptual Identity 
Panadura has a latent Identity related to its history and the religious 
background. Furthermore it has high potential of creating identity in relation 
to its natural environment (the river and the sea) which in turn is significantly 
connected to the historical evolution of the Town. 
Thus the Urban Design proposals prepared for Panadura should be based on 
the emphasis of the spatial environment related to its historical / socio-cultural 
significance and the u n i q u e natural element present. 
o Arrangement of General Spatial Structure 
The general spatial s t ruc tu re o f the Town - the organization pattern o f paths, 
nodes and open s p a c e s wil l be restructured to, 
1) Incorporate the presence o f river and sea front into the town 
through the provision o f physical and visual links at potential 
locations as defined in the Map 5.1.1 
2) M a x i m i z e the v isual l inks w i t h the Water Body enhancing the 
'Visual Corridors' by means of widening several identified paths 
> def ined in Map 5.1.1 
3) Maximize legibility within the Urban Area by introducing, 
extending, straightening and enhancing several identified paths as 
defined in Map 5.1.1 
4) Identify and Emphasize potential nodes as point of orientation and 
point of perceptual identity. 
Detailed Design Guide lines with regards to the above will be formulated 
Building Form and Massing 
Building Form and Massing shall ensure that the built form of the town 
slopes down and ease out from the Galle Road towards the water body and 
towards inland (as defined in Map 5.1.1 and depicted in Figure 5.1). Design 
Guidelines with regards to the following shall be formulated - Plot 
Structure/Plot Size, Plot Coverage and Building Heights etc. 
Use of Land Marks 
Special attention shall be given to preservation of existing historically, 
socially, aesthetically and perceptually significant Landmarks in the Town 
Area and to ensure and emphasize their legibility. 
Meaningful Land marks shall be established in association with the main 
nodes and public spaces (as defined in Map 5.1.1) in the Town. Wherever 
possible, measures to be taken to identify, emphasize and/or establish 
landmarks which represent the historical and cultural significance which is 
the base of the identity of Panadura. 
Character Zoning 
Fourteen Zones of different character identified (as per Map 4.3.3 and Plates 
4.18 - 4.30a) in the town area shall be preliminary identified for 
conservation, enhancement, improvement/Control or total re-development or 
re-generation as follows; 
140 
District Nature of Classification Development IVIIeasure/s 
District - 4 • _ . . , , . „, 
i Positive Unique Charactensties 
Distr ict -8 
District - 9 I . , . . , • ! Enhancement ;• ••••• : Improvement needed to emphasize 
D ! s t n c t 1 1 ! Character 
D i s t n c t - 1 4 I 
Distr ict -2 } 
i Somewhat Positive Character 
„. . , I Control of negative use of ! , . , „ . , D i s t n c t - 6 , . _ . T. ... , , | Improvement / Control ; arclutectural detailing and adverse 
i use of Material 
District - 1 
District - 3 
Positive Characteristics in relation to 
historical significance, unique spatial 
concepts and architectural detailing 
Unique Characteristics present only 
in certain parts of the District as the 
district is undergoing speedy 
changes in terms of modern spatial 
concepts, use of modern technology 
and material in adverse ways etc. 
Conservation 
Improvement/Control 
District - 7 
District - 10 
District - 112 
District - 13 
Negative Characteristics (degraded, 
undcr/un developed and disorderly 
environments) which threatens the 
aesthetics associated with the town 
Introduction of positive 
characteristics needed 
i Rc-devclopmcnt 
I Re-generation 
District - 5 
Somewhat Positive Characteristics 
in terms of residential activities 
Improvement need for enhancement 
of positive characteristics 
Potential to introduce new character 
in relation to recreation activities 
Enhancement 
Improvement 
Large Scale 
Residential buildings 
of Historical and 
Architectural 
Significance 
Positive Unique Characteristics Conservation Improvement / Control 
However, final classification of the above shall be based on a detailed study of 
their characteristics and associated spatial, functional, social, political, 
legislative aspects. Specific Characteristics to be promoted by each District or 
group of Districts shall be identified taking into account their present and 
141 
future functional and responsive roles and Detailed Guidelines shall be 
prepared to ensure the identified characteristics. 
Character zoning shall be worked out in conjunction with the Land 
Use/Activity Zoning. 
Land Use /Activity Zoning 
The Town Area shall be identified under several main Land Use Zones (as 
defined in Map 5.1.1) as follows; 
Primary Residential Zone 
Mixed Residential Zone 
Mixed Development Zone 
Civic Activity Zone 
Commercial Zone 
Special Development Zone 
Recreational Zone 
Specific Design Guidelines for permitted uses, plot sizes, building densities 
shall be worked out in conjunction with the Building Form and Massing and 
Character Zoning. 
Circulation and Parking 
Circulation and Parking patterns will be revised in order to minimize spatial 
congestion, negative visual impact on the Town Form and also to promote a 
conducive environment for pedestrians and pedestrian related activity as 
follows; 
1) Pedestrianize parts of the town where high intensity of commercial 
activities are present as defined in Map 5.1.1 
2) Provide Parking under 'Multiple Use Programme', 'Package Plan Parking' 
and/or 'Urban Edge Parking around the pedestrianized area of the town as 
defined in Map 5.1.1 
3) Establish positive links between the two main public transport modes -
the Road Transportation and Railway Transportation through, 
142 
a. Concentrating Private and CTB Transportation to one 
location, 
b. Establishing strong pedestrian links from the Bus Terminal 
to the Railway Terminal, 
c. Introducing Road Transportation Services to the Town 
Centre through a traffic plan 
® Organization of Signage 
Advertising hoardings and signage will not be permitted in sensitive areas 
such as, 
Identified Conservation or Historical Areas and visually 
obstructing historical elements, 
Visually Obstructing areas of scenic beauty and visual linkage, 
At the principal nodes of the Town, "HF/^  
Existing traditional housing areas and proposed housing areas. 
Obscuring significant architectural detail I?' 
Disturbing important traffic signage 
Outside of these areas well designed advertising hoardings will be 
acceptable and encouraged. 
Shop fronts and their signage shall be designed in sympathy with the 
buildings of which they form part and with their surroundings and in 
accordance with the shop front guidelines prepared and approved by the 
Director (Planning) of the Local Government Body. Advertising signage 
may, however, be acceptable if well designed and formulated with respect 
for the scale and character of the building on which it is to be displayed; 
providing it does not detract from the surrounding area and is not out of 
scale with existing permanent development. 
Every opportunity will be taken to encourage the display of well designed 
and well made signs on commercial premises so as to provide additional 
colour, interest and life into the Town Centre especially during the night. 
{adopted from Glasgow Central Area Local Plan, Urban Design Policies, 1990 as cited 
Carmona, C. 1998) 
143 
Conservation 
Areas, elements, feature (both natural and man-made) of historical, cultural, 
locational, functional, architectural and visual significance shall be identified 
based on a detailed study in conjunction with character and activity zoning, 
and listed for Conservation. 
Specific guidelines shall be prepared for the conservation, improvement, re­
vitalizing and maintenance of so identified areas in harmony with activity 
and character zoning guidelines. 
Special Districts 
Districts of Unique Character or Function or both which overlay on one or 
more existing land use zoning districts shall be identified as Special Districts 
for the purpose of protecting and enhancing the special qualities of that area. 
In the same manner, Districts of specific negative spatial and visual impact 
which overlay on one or more existing land use or character zoning districts 
shall be identified as Special Districts for the purpose of re-development, re­
generation, renewal. 
Furnishings 
Pedestrian areas and public spaces will be the subject of a consistent design 
treatment, the principal elements shall be very high quality natural surfacing 
materials, essential street furniture, 
Landscaping 
A programme of strategic Landscaping will be promoted in the Town Centre 
to extend and strengthen the existing prominent 'Green' Character in certain 
parts of the Town. Following Landscape opportunities will be pursued, 
- Emphasize existing boulevard nature of identified paths such as the 
Northern section of the Main Street and Sri Maha Vihara Road, 
- Introduce boulevard tree planting on paths identified as visual 
corridors - Jayathi 11 eke Mawatha, Susantha Mawatha, Mahanama 
144 
Road and other roads as defined in the Map 5.1.1. - towards the 
River, 
- Emphasize the existing presence of Greenery at Main Nodes of 
entry to the Town, 
- Encourage Formal Tree Planting along the Main Road in association 
with the pedestrian Walkways, 
- Special emphasize to be given to creating sense of greenery in all 
areas identified for re-development in the Town Centre, 
- Land along the River to be treated as a 'Green Edge' with strong 
emphasis on tree planting. 
Specific Design Guidelines to be prepared for each Zone or part of it to 
ensure the qualities identified above. 
145 
S c a l e 1 
a u u i a I U V V I I \ v a o ^ o i u u y n i c a / 
sooo - > . • ; | 
Map 5.1.1 
Spatial Design Proposal 
Legend 
Primary Residential Zone 
Mixed Residential Zone 
Mixed Development Zone 
Civic Activity Zone 
Commercial Zone 
Special Development Zone 
Recreational zone 
Proposed Paths, Nodes 
Structure 
m 
zzz 
v — • 
i i 
Boulevards = 
Pedestrianized Paths 
Promanade 
Parking Areas 
Landmarks to be Preserved 
Proposed Landmark Locations 
Areas/Elements to be Conserved 
Fig-5 .1 
Policy Recommendation 
Building Form Massing 
• 
1. Antoniades, A C. (1980), Architecture and Allied Design: An Environmental 
Design Perspective, 
Kendall / Hunt Publishing Co, Dubuque, Iowa, USA. 
2. Appleyard, D. (1976), Planning a Pluralist City: Conflicting Realities in Ciudad 
Guyana, 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, United States of America. 
ISBN 0-262-01044-5. 
3. Banerjee, T. and Southworth, M. City Sense and City Design; Writings and 
Projects of Kevin Lynch, 
MIT Press, USA. 
4. Barnett, J. (1974), Urban Design as Public Policy, Practical Methods for 
Improving Cities, 
McGraw-Hill Publication, 1221, Avenue of the Americas, New York, 10020, ISBN 
0-07-003766-3 
5. Broadbent, J. (1990), Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design, Van Nostrand 
Reinhold Company, New York 
6. Chadwick, G. (1971) (First Edition) A systems View of Planning: Towards a 
Theory of the Urban and Regional Planning Process, Pergamon Press Limited, 
Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, England. ISBN 0-08-020625-5 
7. Chalfant, H. P. and Labeff, E. (1988), Understanding People and Social Life: 
Introduction to Sociology, 
West Publishing Co, 50w, Kellogg Boulevard, P.O.Box 645226, St, Paul, MN 55164-
1003, ISBN 0-314-28603-9. 
8. Ching, F. D. K. (1979), Architecture Form Space and Order, 
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 135, West 50 , h Street, New York, N Y 10020, USA. 
ISBN 0-442-21534-7 
9. Greed, C. and Roberts, M. eds. (1998), Introducing Urban Design: Interventions 
and Responses, 
Addison, Wesley Longman Ltd, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex 
CM 20 2 JE, England. 
10. Howard, E. (1985), Garden Cities of Tomorrow, 
Attic Books 13, Salisbury Road, East Bourne, East Sussex, BN 20 7UB. 
148 
11. Jenson, R. (1974), Cities of Vision, 
Applied Science Publishers Ltd, Ripple Road, Barking, Essex, England. ISBN 
085334 569 4 
12. Knox, P. and Ozolius, P. (2000), Design Professionals and the Built Environment: 
An Introduction, 
John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Baffin's Lane, Colchester, West Sussex 
P019 1UDUK. 
13.Kostof, S. (1991), The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through 
History, 
Thames and Hudson Ltd, London 
14. Kostof, S. (1992), The City Assembled: Elements of Urban Form through 
History, 
Thames and Hudson Ltd, London. 
15. Lawson, B. (1980), How Designers Think, 
The Architectural Press London, ISBN 0 85139 8529 
16. Lynch, K. (1978 - Third Edition), Managing a Sense of a Region, 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, United States of America. 
ISBN 0-262-1207-0 
17. Lynch, K. (1985 - Forth Print), Good City Form, 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, United States of America. ISBN 0-262-
62046-4. 
18. Mc Cluskey, J. (1979, 1992 - Second Edition), Road Form and Townscape, 
Butterworth-Heinmaun Ltd, Lincare House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX28DP. 
19. Mc Connell, S. (1981), Theories of Planning: An Introduction, 
William Heinemann Ltd, 10, Upper Grosoenor Street, London. W1X 9 PA, 
434 91236 0 
20. Morris, A. E. J. (1979 - First Published 1974), History of Urban form before the 
Industrial Revolutions, 
George Godwin Limited, the Book Publishing Subsidiary of the Builders Group. 1-3 
Pemberton Row Fleet Street, London EC4. 
149 
21.Norberg Shultz, C. (1980), Genius Loci, Towards a Phenomenology of 
Architecture, 
Rizzoli International Publications Inc, 300, Park Avenue South, New York NY 
10010. 
22. Rapaport, A. (1977), Human Aspects of Urban Form: Towards a Man-
Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design, 
Pergamon Press Inc, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York, 10523, 
USA. ISBN 0-08-017974-6. 
23. Roberts, M. (1974), An Introduction to Town Planning Techniques, 
Hutchinson & Co Publishers, Ltd, 17-21, Conway Street, London. 
WfP 6 JP ISBN 0-09-116891-0 
24. Rossy, A. (1992 - Seventh Print), The Architecture of the City, 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, United States of America. 
ISBN 0-262-68043-2. 
25. Shirvani, H. (1985), The Urban Design Process, 
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc, Molly Millers Lane, Wokingham, Berkshire, 
RG11 2P7, England, ISBN 0-442-28064-5 
26. Webber, M. (1958), Translated and Edited by Martindale, D. and 
Neuwirth, G. (First Free Press Paper Back Edition 1066) The City, 
The Free Press, A Division of Mc Millan Publishing Co, Inc, 866, Third Avenue, 
New York, 10022. 
1 5 0 
Perception Survey 0111 ttRnc 
Role of Design Dimension an Urban Planning 
For the M.Sc. (Town and Country Planning) Dissertation - 2002 
/. Details of Interview 
Serial No. Date of Interview Time of Interview Place of Interview 
2. Details of the Person Interviewed 
° Name 
° Professional Qualifications 
D
 Professional Experience 
° Academic Background m Undergraduate 
• Post Graduate 
3. In your opinion, what is the relationship between Town/City Design and Town/City Planning? 
(b) If so why? 
4. In your opinion, what are the components of a town through which its design dimension is manifested? 
5. What is the normal procedure you/your organization follow to address the design dimension of a town/city 
in preparation of a Town/City Development Plan? (Please give a descriptive account on the a) 
Methodology adopted, b) parameters used, ways and means of collection and recording of relevant data 
and the process of evolving design solutions) 
6. IVhat are the shortcomings and problems associated with the above-discussed process? 
7. (a) Do you believe that a Town Planner should have a good 'design' sense? 
Yes/No. 
(b) If so, why? 
151 
8. (a) In your opinion, is there a need for an established set of parameters, a methodology and a choice of 
techniques to address the design dimension, particularly in the urban analysis? 
Yes/No. 
(b) If so, why? 
9. What are the words 'character' and 'identity' means to you? 
10. (a) Do you think that it is important for a person to have a unique 'character' and 'identity'? 
Yes /No. 
(h) If so, why? 
11. In your opinion, through what attributes the 'character/identity' of a person is manifested? 
12. Do you think that an environment, be it urban/rural, village/town/cityhnetropolitan - has it's own 
character and identity? 
13. (a) Do you think that people are affected by the characteristics of the environment they live or work in? 
Yes/No. 
(b) If yes, please give your opinion as to how people sense the surrounding environment? 
(c) What sort of characteristics of an environment normally people could sense? 
(d) If no, please explain as to why do you think so? 
151 
PMMDC Perception Survey on tine Sensory Quality of the Town/City 
For the M.Sc. (Town & Country Planning) Dissertation - 2002 
/. Details of the Person Interviewed 
a
 Name 
0
 Place of Living/Address 
• Profession/lJvelihood 
• Place of Work / School 
Attending 
• Age: ° Male /Female a 
° Ethnicity Sinhala / Tamil / Muslim Other (specify) 
8
 Religion Buddhist /Hindu / Catholic /Islam Other (specify) 
• Mode of Travel to Work/ 
School 
Bus Train Personal 
Vehicle 
Walking Other 
• Educational Attainment University Other Higher Studies A/L/ O/L 
Below O/L (specify) 
2. How long have you been associating with Panadura? 
3. What first comes into your mind when Panadura is mentioned? (Try to get an idea about the 
physical quality of the town as a whole) 
4. In your opinion what is special about your town ? 
5. What is the area you relate to as the Town Centre of Panadura? 
6. Where do you sense as the 'entry' and 'exit' of the Town Center (relative to your normal 
journey associated with the Town)? 
7. What are the most distinctive areas/locations, elements/features and events of Panadura in 
your opinion and what are there significant characteristics? 
Place/activity Significant Charactersitics 
a
 Areas/Locations 
" Elements/Features 
• Events 
1 5 3 
8. What arc the most ugly or boring areas/locations, elements/features and events of Panadura in 
your opinion and what are there significant characteristics? 
Place/activity 
Areas/l^ocations/Elements/Features/Events 
Significant Characteristics 
9. What are the prominent daily activities in the town and what are the areas/locations, 
elements/features and times associated with them? 
Activity Location/Area 
associated with the 
activity 
Elements/Features 
associated with the 
activity 
limes associated with 
the activity 
10. What are the prominent seasonal activities in the town and what are the areas/locations, 
elements/features and times associated with them? 
Activity Location/Area 
associated with the 
activity 
Elements/Features 
associated with the 
activity 
Times associated with 
the activity 
11. What are the prominent current problems with regards to areas/locations, elements/features 
and events in the Town ? 
Area/location, element/feature, event/activity Prominent Problems Associated 
12. Name for me the parts of the Town you, 
Intention Reason 
P Frequently visit 
a
 Would like to visit 
° Would dislike to visit 
1 5 4 
13. Supposing the town is to he changed in the future; What are the areas/locations, 
elements/features and events of the town, in your opinion, should be preserved in such an 
action and why? 
Area /Element/Event Reason 
14. Supposing the town is to be changed in the future; What are the areas/locations, 
elements/features and events in the town, in your opinion, should be changed in such an 
action, why and what way? 
Area /Element/Event Reason and suggested change 
15. What are the areas/locations, elements/features and events, in your opinion are not fully 
utilized at present and how can they be more utilized in the future? 
Area /Element/Event Suggestions for Improvement 
16. In what way the Panadura Town has changed during the 
L Past Year 
ii Past Five Years 
UL What changes do you expect to see in the town, during the next five years? 
17. What would be the characteristics of your ideal town/city? 
18. How do you feel about the town, 
Like/Dislike/Indifferent Reason 
155 
Annexture 5-6 
Public Perception Survey - Findings 
Question 
Duration of Stay 
Number of Mentioning 
• Less than 5 Years * * * * * 12% 
• 5-10 Years * * * * * * * * * 18% 
o More than 10 Years * * * * * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * * * * 
* * * * * 70% 
First thing coming in to mind about Panadura 
» Panadurawadaya * * 12% 
» Walana Buddha Statue * * * * 08% 
o Bo-Tree * 
o Familier Environment and Known People 
* * 
o Good Facilities * 
o Religion and Culture * " * * 08% 
o Busy non developed area * * 06% 
o Lack of Greenary 
o Market * * * * 10% 
o Private and CTB Bus Stand * * 
o Panadura Ground * 
o Hudson Park * 
o Hospital * * * * * * * 14% 
o Rankoth Vihara "V * * * * * 
* * * 26% 
o Kethumathi Hospital * * * * * 10% 
o Banks * 
o Clock Tower * * * * * * * * * 18% 
o Railway Station * * 06% 
o Roundabout 
o Gunananda Statue * * * * * * * * * 18% 
o Stagnant Drains and Bad Smell * * 
o Visual Unpleasantness 
• ± 06% 
o Small Town * 
o CTB Bus Stand * * * 06% 
o Panadura Grocery * 06% 
o Fast Developing Town * * 
o Petrol Shed * 
o Kovil * 
o Balika Vidyalaya * 
o Industrial City * 
o Janapriya Mawatha * 
o Private Bus Stand * * * * 08% 
o Post Office * 
o Convent * 
156 
Commercial Area from Bridge to Clock 
Tower 
Commercial Bank 
Church 
Beach 
Schools 
Bridge 
Town Hall 
Nothing Special 
04 Specialty of the Town 
• Nothing Special 
o Town o Religious Middle Class People/ 
Religion and Culture/ Panadurawadaya 
Locating Close Proximity to Colombo 
Splendid Transport Network 
Central Location of Service 
Unity of People 
Large Population 
Rapid development 
No Centre 
Belongingness and Security 
A Commercial Town 
A Clean Town 
Horn Town 
05 Town Centre 
» From Walana Buddha Statue to Sumangala 
Girl's School 
o From Gunananda Statue to CTB Bus Stand 
o Main Street, Janapriya Mawatha and Market 
Area 
o Bus Stand, Market, Surrounding Area 
o Private/ CTB Bs Stands and Surrounding 
Areas 
» CTB Bus Stand and the Surrounding Area 
«> Private Bus Stand and the Surrounding Area 
Bus Stand, Station and Roundabout near the 
Clock Tower 
Gunananda Statue to Walana Bridge 
Walana Buddha Statue to Gunananda Statue 
06 Entry and Exit 
o Walana Buddha statue 
* 
* 
* * * * 
3ft 3$C 3^ E 3fc 
* * 
* * 
* 
* * 
* * 
* * 
* * 
08% 
16% 
36% 
06% 
10% 
06% 
14% 
08% 
14% 
14% 
06% 
12% 
06% 
157 
50% * * * * 
o Buddha Statue at Horana Road 
« Wekada Bus Depot 
» Clock Tower 
» Nalluruwa Bridge 
o Private Bus Stand 
o Janapriya Mawatha 
o Railway Bridge 
o Cargills 
<» Uyankele 
© Walana New Bridge 
«» Moron thuduwa Junction 
o Nalluruwa Bo-tree 
«• Nalluruwa Area 
• Sri Sumangala Girl's school 
e Hospital 
o Gunananda Statue 
o CTB Bus Stand 
o Panadura Fisheries Harbor 
® Unichela 
o Pinwatta Area 
o Panadura Grocery 
Distinctive Areas/ Elements/ Features and 
their significant characteristics 
o Panadura Beach- Relaxation 
o Rankoth Viharaya - Religion /History 
o Walana Buddha statue - Religion 
• Panadurawadaya - Religion History 
• Esplanade and Hudson Park - Sports/ 
Leisure/ Visual 
e Modarawila Industrial Complex - Economics 
© Several Old Buildings - History/Statefulness 
• Bus Sand - Meeting Point 
o Gunananda Statue - Histoty 
» Town Hall 
o Post Office 
© Clock Tower - Elements 
o Railway Station - Transportation 
« Old Galle Road - Historical Elements and 
Features 
o Meeting point of Oldand New Galle Roads -
Visually Pleasing 
a Hospital Junction 
o Area where the River meets the Sea — 
Openness/ Relaxation/ Recreation 
158 
Super Market/ Cargills - Commercial 
Bo-Trcc andhe Market - Lively/ Colourful 
Bridge and the surrounding -
Openness/Vibrant/ Leisure '• * 
Sumangala Girl's School * 
Church 
Station - Gathering 
Library 
ASP Bungalow - History 
Water Body/ Hudson Park - Openness 
Kethumathi - History 
Big Houses with spacious Gardens - 77istoryf 
Social Background 
o Buddha Statue (Horana Road) - Religion 
Ugly/ Boring Areas, Elements, Features and 
their Significant Characteristics 
• Private Bus Stand - Dirty/Noisy 
• Market - Dirty/ Congested/ Unpleasant/ 
Smelly 
e Area Around Fish Market - Dirty/ 
Congested/ Unpleasant/ Smelly 
• Modarawila - Waste Dump 
« Hudson Park - Degraded Envimnment 
• Beach - Polluted/And Social Activities 
» Old Dilapidated Buildings - Visually 
Unpleasant 
o Shanty areas Along the Beach - Haphazard 
Development/ Disorder/Anti Social activities 
o Street in front of Panadura Balika-
Disorderly/Anti Social Activities 
o CTB Bus Stand - Ugly/Stressful/Disorderly 
o Public Drains - Ugly 
o Area in front of Rankoth Viharaya -
Degraded Environment 
o Area Surrounding the Estuary - Shanty 
Development 
o Pinwatta Area - Shanties/Haphazard 
Development/ Congested Environment 
159 
o Panadura Grocery ad the Surrounding Built 
Fabric - Dilapidated Buildings 
o Janapriya Mawatha - Congestion/ 
Disharmony 
o Railway Station - Disotganized/Lack of 
Maintenance 
o Clock Tower - I^ack of Maintenance 
o Town Hall - AtoV Used Well 
o Film Hall - Lack of Maintenance 
o CWE - Not Used Well 
09 Prominent Daily Activities and Areas, 
Elements, and times associated with them 
o Chanting Pirith - Rankoth Viharaya - Early 
Morning 
o Starting Busses - Bus Stand - 5.00 a. m 
o Movement of School / Office Traffic - Bus 
Stand/ Railway Station and surrounding 
areas - Morning and Evening 
o Opening of Shops - 9.30 a.m 
o Evening Marketing and Shopping -
Janapriya Mawatha/ Market and 
surroundings 
o Modara Fishing - Mornings and Evenings 
o Fighting - CTB Bus Stand 
o Gathering in the Beach Evenings (Specially 
Weekends) 
o People Visiting the Hospital - Especially 
11.30 a.m - 1.30 p.m and 4.30 p.m - 6.30 
p.m 
10 Prominent Seasonal Activities and Areas, 
Elements and Times associated with them 
o Vesak/ Poson Perahera - Galle Road 
o Independents Day Celebration - Galle Road 
o Katina Perhera - October 
o Vesak Celebration - Town Hall, Market, 
Janpiy Mawta,GalleRoad 
o Trade Fain? - GallRoad, Twn Hall Gardens 
o Political Meetings 
o New Year Festivities - Janapriya Mawatha, 
Town Hall, Galle Road 
* * * * * * * * 
* * : * * * * * * 
* * • * * * * 
06% 
08% 
56% 
10% 
24% 
10% 
08% 
08% 
08% 
16% 
14% 
160 
18% 
Musical Shows - Private Bus Stand, School 
Grounds, Town Hall 
o Gammadu Festival 
o Christmas Festivities - Town Hall, Janapriya 
Mawatha, Galle Road 
Buddhist Centre Activities 
Prominent Current Problem 
o Transport Problem (Both Road Network and 
Transportation) 
o Sanitary Problems 
o Flooding of Certain Areas 
o Garbage Dumping 
Overflowing Drains 
Pollution of Water 
Pollution of the Beach 
Antisocial Activities 
Lack of Space for public Activities 
Pavement Hawkers (Janapriya Mawqwatha 
and Surroundings) 
Bad Condition of Roads and Streets 
Traffic Congestion 
Lots of Accidents 
Parking Problems 
Congested Built Environment 
Lack of Connectivity 
Uncontrollable Spreading of Town 
Too Much Segregation of Activities 
Absence of Centre 
Water Supply Problems 
Musical Shows 
Disorganized and Unclean environments -
Private and CTB Bus Stands, Park, etc; 
Parts of the Town Frequently 
Visited and the Reason 
o Temple (Rankoth Viharaya) - Religious 
Food City - Shopping 
Panadura Grocers - Shopping 
Janapriya Mawatha - Marketing / Shoping 
Bus Stand - Transport/ Idling 
Railway Station - Transport 
Market - Marketing 
* * 
* * 
* * 
* * 
* * 
* * « 
* * * 
* * * 
OT 
14% 
08% 
20% 
08% 
18% 
14% 
12% 
10% 
08% 
06% 
06% 
06% 
18% 
08% 
10% 
12% 
18% 
12% 
10% 
Deshani - Functional Need/Quality 
Environment 
161 
30% 
o Devon Bakers - unctionalNeed Quality 
Environment * 
o Sumangala Balika - Education 
o St. Anthony's Col lege - Educational 
Play Ground - Recreational, Gathering 
Would Like to Visit 
o Beach - Freedom/ Windy/ belter Quality 
Areas you would dislike to Visit 
o Market - Polluted/ Ugly 
e Bus Stand - Unclean/Crowded/unpleasant 
o Railway Station Surroundings - Unclean/ 
cwwded/ Unpleasant 
o Road in front of Panadura Balika -
Drunkards and Odd characters 
o Main Stree - Congested and Polluted 
* 
Beach - Relaxation/ Gathering : 
Banks - Functional Need * 
Shed - Functional Need : * 
ASB- Functional need * 
Hospital Juncton 
Commercial Area (Galle Road) - Functional 
Need 
Temple (Rankoth Viharaya) - Freedom/ ; 
Serenity : * 
Space in front of Walana Buddha Statue -
Serenity . * 
Road Leading Towards Anglican Church -
Quiet/less Traffic . * 
Janapriya Mawatha - Vivid Character * 
Old gale Road - Vivid Character * 
New bridge and the surroundings - Quiet / 
Relaxing/ Openness \ * 
West End of the Main Street - low Scale, 
Humane Environment * 
Market - Vivid Character * 
Shops : * 
Old Road Passing Kethumathie/Courts -
Greenety/ Quiet/ Less Traffic * 
Cargills - Shopping, Quality Environment . * 
Commercial Area - Functional Needs •. * 
Hudson Park : * 
Railway Bridge 
River and Surroundings 
Railway Station 
Public Play Ground 
f£2 
Near Panadura Bus Stand and around the Bo-
Tree - Traffic congestion, haphazard 
parking, blocked Drains, garbage Etc; 
Kovil and the Surroundings - Gloomy, 
Disorderly Environment 
Old Galle Road - Too Commercialized and 
Congested 
Dispensary - Crowded 
Beach - Unclean 
Elements/Locations/A reas/Fcatu res/Events to 
be prcscrvcdO 
• Beach - most entertaining 
» Buddha statue (vVa\ana)-Symbol/Identity 
» Bo-tree at private bus stand -symbol/identity 
Markcl-Location good 
Historical temples - History 
Shopping Areas - Functional 
Private Bus Stand - Good Location, Better 
Accessibility 
Gunnanda Statue - Identity 
Clock Tower - Landmark 
Old Houses - History 
Old Galle Road-History 
Shopping Activities (Janapriya Mawathsa, 
Galle Road) - Accessibility 
Main Street - Functionally Significant 
Rankoth Viharaya - Identity/History/ 
landmark 
Town Hall - Historical Significance 
Play Ground - Good Location, Functional 
Significance 
Church - Landmark 
Roundabout - Landmark 
Food City - Functional Significance 
CTB Bus Stand - Location Good 
Railway Station - Location Good Historical 
Significance 
Hospital - Location good 
Market - Location Good 
Courts Complex - Location Good 
Empty Lands within the Town - Open 
Spaces 
Urban Council - -Location Good 
Kovil - Religious 
Buddhist Centre - Religious 
Panadura Debate Grounds - History 
Police Station - Location Good 
Post Office - Location Good 
Banks - Location good 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
163 
Elements/ Locations/ Areas/ Features/ Events 
to be changed/ Modified 
o Market - Dirty/Unclean/ Unpleasant 
o CTB Stand - Congestion/Dirty/Disorder 
o Sewerage System - Malfunctioning/ Lack of 
Maintenance 
o Road/ Transport System - Disorder/ 
Congestion 
o Garbage Disposal System - Malfunctioning/ 
Unpleasant 
o Hudson Park - Polluted/Neglected/dead 
© Beach and the surroundings - Poorly 
organized/somewhat unclean/need more 
social security 
o Street facades - Disorder/Lack of 
Maintenance/Disharmony 
e Private stand - Congestion /Dirty/ Disorder 
Commercial areas - Disorder/Disharmony 
Rankoth Vihara Surroundings - Disorder/ 
Disharmony/ Degradation 
Estuary and the Surroundings -
underutilized/ Degraded 
Clock Tower and the Surroundings -
Potential to be Developed as a centre 
Cinema Halls . * 
Musical Shows * 
Shanty Areas . * 
Open Space (Town Hall Premises, Play 
Ground, Hudson Park, Water Body) -
Underutilized/ Poorly Organized and 
maintained . * 
Boundary Walls along the Main Road -
Unsightly/ Disinteresting •• * 
Marketing/ Shopping Facilities -
disorganized . * 
Railway Station - Weakly inked with the 
other Transport Terminals 
Janapriya Mawatha - Too Congested 
Drainage Problems 
Old Gale Road — Disharmony/ Disorder 
Lack of Greenery 
Elements/ Locations/ Areas/ Features/ Events 
which are not fully Utilized 
o Public Ground/ Town Hall/ and Surroundings 
o Hudson Park * 
o Rankoth Viharaya nd Surroundings 
o Library 
o Hospital and Surroundings 
o Station Approach Road/ Kovil 
1 6 4 
Station and Surroundings 
Marine and River Activities 
Beach and Surroundings 
o Buddha Mandiraya 
© Links Between Railway Stauon and the Bus 
Stand 
o Seasonal Cultural Activities 
o Janapriya Mawatha 
• Market Place 
o Post Office 
a Service Stations 
o Food City 
o Shopping Areas 
o CWE Premises 
» Clock Tower and Surroundings 
Changes In Panadura Town — Past Year 
o Development of Large Scale Shopping 
Complexes and technical Support Buildings 
Especially Along Galle Road 
© More Industrial Activity 
o Renovations of Private Bus Stand 
o Road renovations/ Widening of Roundabouts 
o No Significant Changes 
o Development Near Hospital 
© Town Centre Shifted Towards Moratuwa 
o Occupation/ Utilization of Bare land 
o Buddhist Centre Development 
© New Library 
o Improvement of Public Services 
Changes in Panadura Town - Past 5 Years 
© Revival of Road and Lighting System 
© Rapid Development of Diverse Commercial 
Activities 
o Improvements to Transport Systems 
© More Medical facilities 
© New Banking facilities 
© Three Wheeler Services 
o Development of Garment Industry 
© Development along Galle Road From Bus 
Stand towards Walana 
o Improvements to the Market 
© Increase of Intensity of Human Activity 
© Widening of and Improvements to Galle 
Road 
© Improvements to Panadura Base Hospital 
© Bus Stand and Surrounding 
© Cosmopolitan Crowd 
16% 
06% 
22% 
18% 
* * * 
* * * 
* * * 
06% 
48% 
08% 
* * * 
24% 
06% 
08% 
16% 
Variety of Business Enterprises 
Expected Future of the Panadura Town 
• Improvement of all service Activities and 
Related Spaces * : * 
o More Large Scale Commercial Buildings will ; 
come up (Especially along the Gale Road) 
o Rapid Development of Housing * . 
o Clean City * * 
© Well Organized Transport System : * : * 
: * * 
• Well Organized Garbage Disposal and 
Drainage System ; * ; 
© Changing the Nature of Commercial 
Activities * ; * 
e Upliftment of Educational Activities ;* i * 
® A Reorganization of Town Centre \ * . * 
• Shifting of CTB Bus Stand * * 
• Well Organized and Maintained Market ; * ; * 
• Good Network of Public Spaces !* ; * 
o Improvements to Significant Places and their 
Surroundings 
o More Hygienic Town 
» Development to Station and Surroundings 
• Modifications to the Two Bus Stands 
o Improvements to Janapriya Mawatha to 
Reduce the Congestion 
» Improvements to the Hospital 
o Less traffic i * 
» Concentration of Activities in the Town 
Centre \* 
o Improved Twon Centre '• * 
© More Housing Schemes : * 
<» Increase of Population ; * 
Characteristics of your Ideal Town 
» Proper Bus Stand 
<» Spaciousness/ Openness 
o Sanitary Facilities 
• Good Shopping/ Marketing Facilities 
o Better Educational, Health and Recreational 
Activities 
o Cleanliness/ Pollution Free 
o Transportation Facilities 
o High Standard Consumer Facilities 
o Not Noisy 
<» Road Network with Guiding Landmarks 
* 
• Security 
• Modernized Town i * 
; * 
* * 
* : * 
* : * 
* * 
* * 
*
 :
 * 
* 
* 
O Presence of a Centre * 
166 
Orderliness 
Good Smelling 
Presence of Meaningful Landmarks 
Accessibility 
Properly Designed and Planned town 
Less Congestion 
A Good Interactive Place 
Having Specific Areas for Specific Buildings 
and Elements 
City with a Garden 
A Living City 
More Greenery 
Proper Garbage Disposal System 
Cohesiveness 
Pleasant and Attractive Place 
10%