75 
 
REFERENCES 
1. Babin, D., Pižurica, A., Velicki, L., Matić, V., Galić, I., Leventić, H., Zlokolica, 
V., & Philips, W. (2018). Skeletonization method for vessel delineation of 
arteriovenous malformation. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 93, 93–105. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPBIOMED.2017.12.011 
2. Baker, W. F., Beghini, L. L., Mazurek, A., Carrion, J., & Beghini, A. (2015). 
Structural Innovation: Combining Classic Theories with new technologies. 
Engineering Journal-American Institute of Steel Construction, 52(3), 203–217. 
https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/aisc/awards/tr-higgins/past-
winners/structural-innovation--combining-classic-theories-with-new-
technologies.pdf 
3. Bendsøe, M. P. (1989). Optimal shape design as a material distribution problem. 
Structural Optimization 1989 1:4, 1(4), 193–202. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01650949 
4. Bendsøe, M. P., & Kikuchi, N. (1988). Generating optimal topologies in 
structural design using a homogenization method. Computer Methods in Applied 
Mechanics and Engineering, 71(2), 197–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-
7825(88)90086-2 
5. Bendsøe, M. P., & Sigmund, O. (Ole). (2003). Topology optimization : theory, 
methods, and applications. 370. 
6. Bertrand, G. (1995). A parallel thinning algorithm for medial surfaces. Pattern 
Recognition Letters, 16(9), 979–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-
8655(95)00034-E 
7. Bruns, T. E., & Tortorelli, D. A. (2001). Topology optimization of non-linear 
elastic structures and compliant mechanisms. Computer Methods in Applied 
Mechanics and Engineering, 190(26–27), 3443–3459. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(00)00278-4 
76 
 
8. Chan, A. S. L., Ae, A. F. R. S., & C~an, A. S. L. (1960). The design of Michell 
optimum structures. https://reports.aerade.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826.2/3883 
9. Cheriet, M., Kharma, N., Liu, C.-L., & Suen, C. Y. (2007). Character Recognition 
Systems. Character Recognition Systems, i–xxxi. 
https://www.academia.edu/14544466/Character_Recognition_Systems_A_Guid
e_for_Students_and_Practioners 
10. Christensen, P. W., & Klarbring, A. (2008). An Introduction to Structural 
Optimization. www.springer.com/series/6557 
11. Dede, T. (2019). Usage of Optimization Techniques in Civil Engineering During 
the Last Two Decades. Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering, 2(1). 
https://doi.org/10.33552/CTCSE.2019.02.000529 
12. Deng, W., Iyengar, S. S., & Brener, N. E. (2016). A Fast Parallel Thinning 
Algorithm for the Binary Image Skeletonization: 
Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/109434200001400105, 14(1), 65–81. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/109434200001400105 
13. Fleury, C., & Braibant, V. (1986). Structural optimization: A new dual method 
using mixed variables. International Journal for Numerical Methods in 
Engineering, 23(3), 409–428. https://doi.org/10.1002/NME.1620230307 
14. Ghanshyam, G. T., & Dhaval, T. (2014). Truss Topology Optimization Using 
Modified Genetic Algorithm [RK University]. 
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281046350_Truss_Topology_Optimiz
ation_Using_Modified_Genetic_Algorithm 
15. Gilbert, M., & Tyas, A. (2003). Layout optimization of large-scale pin-jointed 
frames. Engineering Computations (Swansea, Wales), 20(7–8), 1044–1064. 
https://doi.org/10.1108/02644400310503017 
16. Gordon, J. E. (1978). Structures or Why things don’t fall down. Structures or Why 
Things Don’t Fall down. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9074-3 
77 
 
17. Haftka, R. T., & Sobieszczanski-Sobieski, J. (2008). Structural Optimization: 
History. Encyclopedia of Optimization, 3834–3836. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
0-387-74759-0_669/COVER 
18. He, L., & Gilbert, M. (2015). Rationalization of trusses generated via layout 
optimization. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 52(4), 677–694. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00158-015-1260-X 
19. He, L., Gilbert, M., Johnson, T., & Pritchard, T. (2019). Conceptual design of 
AM components using layout and geometry optimization. Computers & 
Mathematics with Applications, 78(7), 2308–2324. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CAMWA.2018.07.012 
20. He, L., Gilbert, M., & Song, X. (2019). A Python script for adaptive layout 
optimization of trusses. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 60(2), 
835–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00158-019-02226-6/FIGURES/10 
21. Herath, S., & Haputhanthri, U. (2021). Topologically optimal design and failure 
prediction using conditional generative adversarial networks. International 
Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 122(23), 6867–6887. 
https://doi.org/10.1002/NME.6814 
22. Kurdi, M. (2015). A Structural Optimization Framework for Multidisciplinary 
Design. Journal of Optimization, 2015, 1–14. 
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/345120 
23. Liu, K., & Tovar, A. (2014). An efficient 3D topology optimization code written 
in Matlab. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 50(6), 1175–1196. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00158-014-1107-X/FIGURES/12 
24. Mei, L., & Wang, Q. (2021). Structural Optimization in Civil Engineering: A 
Literature Review. Buildings 2021, Vol. 11, Page 66, 11(2), 66. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS11020066 
25. Michell A. G. M. (1904, November). The limits of economy of material in frame-
structures. Philosophical Magazine, 8(47), 589–597. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786440409463229 
78 
 
26. Ohsaki, M. (2016). Optimization of finite dimensional structures. Optimization 
of Finite Dimensional Structures, 1–406. 
https://doi.org/10.1201/EBK1439820032 
27. Optim, S. M., Mazurek, A., Baker, W. F., Tort, C., Mazurek, A., Baker, W. F., 
Tort, · C, & Tort, C. (2011). Geometrical aspects of optimum truss like structures. 
Springer, 43(2), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-010-0559-x 
28. Rosenfeld, A. (1975). A characterization of parallel thinning algorithms. 
Information and Control, 29(3), 286–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-
9958(75)90448-9 
29. Rozvany, G. I. N. (2008). A critical review of established methods of structural 
topology optimization. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 2008 37:3, 
37(3), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00158-007-0217-0 
30. Schoofs, A. J. G. (1993). Structural Optimization History and State-of-the-Art. 
Topics in Applied Mechanics, 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-
2090-6_37 
31. Sigmund, O. (2007). Morphology-based black and white filters for topology 
optimization. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 2007 33:4, 33(4), 
401–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00158-006-0087-X 
32. Sigmund, O. (2014). A 99 line topology optimization code written in Matlab. 
Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 2001 21:2, 21(2), 120–127. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/S001580050176 
33. Sigmund, O., & Maute, K. (2013). Topology optimization approaches: A 
comparative review. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 48(6), 1031–
1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00158-013-0978-6 
34. Smith, C. J., Gilbert, M., Todd, I., & Derguti, F. (2016). Application of layout 
optimization to the design of additively manufactured metallic components. 
Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 54(5), 1297–1313. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/S00158-016-1426-1/TABLES/7 
79 
 
35. Svanberg, K. (1987). The method of moving asymptotes—a new method for 
structural optimization. International Journal for Numerical Methods in 
Engineering, 24(2), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/NME.1620240207 
36. Tagliasacchi, A., Delame, T., Spagnuolo, M., Amenta, N., & Telea, A. (2016). 
3D Skeletons: A State-of-the-Art Report. Computer Graphics Forum, 35(2), 
573–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/CGF.12865 
37. Tay, Y. W. D., Panda, B., Paul, S. C., Noor Mohamed, N. A., Tan, M. J., & Leong, 
K. F. (2017). 3D printing trends in building and construction industry: a review. 
Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 12(3), 261–276. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2017.1326724 
38. Vlah, D., Žavbi, R., & Vukašinović, N. (2020). Evaluation of Topology 
Optimization and Generative Design Tools as Support For Conceptual Design. 
Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference, 1, 451–460. 
https://doi.org/10.1017/DSD.2020.165 
39. West, D. (2001). Introduction to graph theory. 
https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~west/igt/igtpref.ps 
40. Wilson, R. J., London New York Reading, E., San Francisco Toronto Don Mills, 
M., & Sydney Tokyo Singapore Hong Kong Seoul Taipei Cape Town Madrid 
Mexico City Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan, O. (1979). Introduction to graph 
theory. 
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DRMZwrHKWwMC&oi=fnd
&pg=PP9&dq=introduction+to+graph+theory+wilson&ots=L9r5myTm1F&sig
=Rbgdh8f_2bvLxdg1nlH-vqZ12pM 
41. Yan Xiaolong. (2017). GitHub - Image-Py/sknw: build network from skeleton 
image (2D-3D). GitHub Repository. https://github.com/Image-Py/sknw 
42. Ye, J., Kyvelou, P., Gilardi, F., Lu, H., Gilbert, M., & Gardner, L. (2021). An 
End-to-End Framework for the Additive Manufacture of Optimized Tubular 
Structures. IEEE Access, 9, 165476–165489. 
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3132797 
80 
 
43. Yin, G., Xiao, X., & Cirak, F. (2020). Topologically robust CAD model 
generation for structural optimisation. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics 
and Engineering, 369. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMA.2020.113102 
44. Yossef, M., & Chen, A. (2015). Applicability and Limitations of 3D Printing for 
Civil Structures. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ccee_conf/35 
45. Zhang, J., Wang, J., Dong, S., Yu, X., & Han, B. (2019). A review of the current 
progress and application of 3D printed concrete. Composites Part A: Applied 
Science and Manufacturing, 125, 105533. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2019.105533 
46. Zhang, T. Y., & Suen, C. Y. (1984). A fast parallel algorithm for thinning digital 
patterns. Communications of the ACM, 27(3), 236–239. 
https://doi.org/10.1145/357994.358023 
47. Zhang, X., Xie, Y. M., & Zhou, S. (2022). A nodal-based evolutionary 
optimization algorithm for frame structures. Computer-Aided Civil and 
Infrastructure Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1111/MICE.12834