77 
 
REFERENCES 
 
[1]  P. I. Tomayess Issa, "Usability and Human Computer Interaction (HCI)," in 
Sustainable Design, London, Springer.  
[2]  A. Holzinger, "Human–Computer Interaction for Medicine and Health Care 
(HCI4MED): Towards making Information usable," International Journal of 
Human-Computer Studies, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 325-327.  
[3]  "Askabiologist.asu.edu," [Online]. Available: 
https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/building-blocks-life. [Accessed 25 11 
2017]. 
[4]  G. Reference, "Genetics Home Reference," [Online]. Available: 
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/. [Accessed 24 11 2017]. 
[5]  Q. Zhao, K. Rosenbaum, K. Okada, D. J. Zand, R. Sze, M. Summar and M. G. 
Linguraru, "Automated Down Syndrome Detection using Facial Photographs," 
in 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Osaka, Japan, 
2013.  
[6]  L. Shaffer, "Disorders caused by chromosome abnormalities," The Application 
of Clinical Genetics, p. 159, 2010.  
[7]  J. H. Deena T Kochunni, "Types of Chromosomes - Autosomes and Sex 
chromosomes," Biologyexams4u.com, [Online]. Available: 
https://www.biologyexams4u.com/2013/02/types-of-chromosomes.html. 
[Accessed 29 5 2019]. 
[8]  "Learn.genetics.utah.edu," 2017. [Online]. Available: 
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/chromosomal/. [Accessed 25 
11 2017]. 
[9]  "NDSS," NDSS, [Online]. Available: 
http://www.ndss.org/resources/understanding-a-diagnosis-of-down-syndrome/. 
[Accessed 26 11 2017]. 
[10]  "St. Elizabeth Healthcare - Condition," Stelizabeth.com, 2019. [Online]. 
Available: https://www.stelizabeth.com/HealthLibrary/Condition/down-
syndrome. [Accessed 29 5 2019]. 
[11]  "Nichd.nih.gov," US Department of Health and Human Services, [Online]. 
Available: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/Pages/default.aspx. 
[Accessed 27 11 2017]. 
78 
 
[12]  E. Stumbo, "A closer look at the physical characteristics of Down syndrome - 
Ellen Stumbo," [Online]. Available: https://www.ellenstumbo.com/closer-
look-physical-characteristics-down-syndrome/. [Accessed 28 11 2017]. 
[13]  "Play.google.com," [Online]. Available: 
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fdna.face2gene&hl=en. 
[Accessed 5 12 2017]. 
[14]  Ş. Saraydemir, N. Taşpınar, O. Eroğul, H. Kayserili and N. Dinçkan, "Down 
Syndrome Diagnosis Based on Gabor Wavelet Transform," Journal of Medical 
Systems, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 3205-3213, 2011.  
[15]  K. Burçin and N. V. Vasif, "Down syndrome recognition using local binary 
patterns and statistical evaluation of the system," Expert Systems with 
Applications, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 8690-8695, 2011.  
[16]  M.-H. Yang, D. J. Kriegman and N. Ahuja, "Detecting faces in images: a 
survey," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 
vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 34 - 58, 2002.  
[17]  "FaceDetector.Face | Android Developers," Developer.android.com, [Online]. 
Available: 
https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/FaceDetector.Face.htm
l. [Accessed 28 11 2017]. 
[18]  "Docs.opencv.org," [Online]. Available: 
https://docs.opencv.org/master/d7/d8b/tutorial_py_face_detection.html#gsc.ta
b=0. [Accessed 04 12 2017]. 
[19]  "dlib C++ Library," [Online]. Available: http://dlib.net/face_detector.py.html. 
[Accessed 14 04 2019]. 
[20]  "Detect eyes, nose, lips, and jaw with dlib, OpenCV, and Python," 27 12 218. 
[Online]. Available: https://www.pyimagesearch.com/2017/04/10/detect-eyes-
nose-lips-jaw-dlib-opencv-python/. [Accessed 14 04 2019]. 
[21]  A. Rosebrock, "Facial landmarks with dlib, OpenCV, and Python - 
PyImageSearch," PyImageSearch, [Online]. Available: 
https://www.pyimagesearch.com/2017/04/03/facial-landmarks-dlib-opencv-
python/. [Accessed 29 5 2019]. 
[22]  T. Patel and B. Shah, "A Survey on Facial Feature Extraction Techniques for 
automatic face annotation," in Innovative Mechanisms for Industry 
Applications (ICIMIA), Bangalore, India, 2017.  
79 
 
[23]  R. Hebbalaguppe, A computer vision based approach for reducing false alarms 
caused by spiders and cobwebs in surveillance camera networks, 2014.  
[24]  " Local Representation of Facial Features (Face Image Modeling and 
Representation) (Face Recognition) Part 1," What-when-how.com, [Online]. 
Available: http://what-when-how.com/face-recognition/local-representation-
of-facial-features-face-image-modeling-and-representation-face-recognition-
part-1/. [Accessed 29 5 2019]. 
[25]  R. H. Abiyev, "FACIAL FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES FOR 
FACE," Journal of Computer Science, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2360-2365, 2014.  
[26]  M. D. Malkauthekar, "Analysis of euclidean distance and Manhattan Distance 
measure in face recognition," International Journal of Computer Science and 
Engineering (IJCSE) , vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 89-98, 2014.  
[27]  F. R. u. M. Classifiers, P. Parveen and B. Thuraisingham, "Face Recognition 
using Multiple Classifiers," in Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 2006. ICTAI 
'06. 18th IEEE International Conference, Arlington, 2006.  
[28]  A. I. Salhi, M. Kardouchi and N. Belacel, "Fast and efficient face recognition 
system using random forest and histograms of oriented gradients," in 
Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), 2012 BIOSIG, Darmstadt, 
Germany, 2012.  
[29]  "Sdqinfo.com," 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.sdqinfo.com/a0.html. 
[Accessed 12 05 2019]. 
[30]  "Improve Face Recognition Rate Using Different Image Pre-Processing 
Techniques," American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), vol. 5, no. 4, 
pp. 46-53, 2016.  
[31]  "Docs.opencv.org," 2019. [Online]. Available: 
https://docs.opencv.org/2.4/modules/imgproc/doc/miscellaneous_transformatio
ns.html. [Accessed 16 05 2019]. 
[32]  "OpenCV: Color conversions," Docs.opencv.org, 2019. [Online]. Available: 
https://docs.opencv.org/3.1.0/de/d25/imgproc_color_conversions.html. 
[Accessed 16 5 2019]. 
[33]  "imutils," PyPI, [Online]. Available: https://pypi.org/project/imutils/. 
[34]  "Performance Showdown of Publicly Available Face Detection Model," 
Medium, 30 04 2018. [Online]. Available: 
https://medium.com/nodeflux/performance-showdown-of-publicly-available-
face-detection-model-7c725747094a. [Accessed 14 04 2019]. 
80 
 
[35]  D. Huang, C. Shan, M. Ardabilian , Y. Wang and L. Chen, "Local Binary 
Patterns and Its Application to Facial Image Analysis: A Survey," IEEE 
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and 
Reviews), vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 765 - 781, 2011.  
[36]  B. Pathya and S. Nainan, "Performance Evaluation of Face Recognition using 
LBP, PCA and SVM," SSRG International Journal of Computer Science and 
Engineering (SSRG-IJCSE), vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 85-88, 2016.  
[37]  T. Ahonen, A. Hadid and M. Pietikäinen, "Face Recognition with Local 
Binary Patterns," in ECCV 2004, 2004.  
[38]  "Klios," Klios.fr, [Online]. Available: http://klios.fr/blogs/blog1.php. 
[Accessed 29 05 2019]. 
[39]  H. Hatem, Z. Beiji and R. Majeed, "A Survey of Feature Base Methods for 
Human Face Detection," International Journal of Control and Automation, 
vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 61-78, 2015.  
[40]  "CNN based face detector from dlib," Towards Data Science, [Online]. 
Available: https://towardsdatascience.com/cnn-based-face-detector-from-dlib-
c3696195e01c. [Accessed 16 05 2019]. 
[41]  "About," Opencv.org, 16 05 2019. [Online]. Available: 
https://opencv.org/about/. [Accessed 2019]. 
[42]  "dlib C++ Library," Dlib.net, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://dlib.net/. 
[Accessed 16 05 209]. 
[43]  "OpenCV: Histograms - 1 : Find, Plot, Analyze !!!," Docs.opencv.org, 2019. 
[Online]. Available: 
https://docs.opencv.org/3.1.0/d1/db7/tutorial_py_histogram_begins.html. 
[Accessed 16 5 2019]. 
[44]  "sklearn.svm.SVC — scikit-learn 0.21.1 documentation," Scikit-learn.org, 
2019. [Online]. Available: https://scikit-
learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.svm.SVC.html. [Accessed 16 5 
2019]. 
[45]  M. Sokolova, N. Japkowicz and S. Szpakowicz, "Beyond Accuracy, F-Score 
and ROC: A Family of Discriminant Measures for Performance Evaluation," 
in Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2006.  
[46]  C. Goutte and E. Gaussier, "A Probabilistic Interpretation of Precision, Recall 
and F-Score, with Implication for Evaluation," in Advances in Information 
Retrieval.  
81 
 
[47]  "Evaluating a Classification Model," ritchieng.github.io, 2019. [Online]. 
Available: https://www.ritchieng.com/machine-learning-evaluate-
classification-model/. [Accessed 19 5 2019]. 
[48]  "F1 Score," ritchieng.github.io, 2019. [Online]. Available: 
https://www.ritchieng.com/machinelearning-f1-score/. [Accessed 19 5 2019]. 
[49]  Q. Zhao, K. Rosenbaum, K. Okada, D. J. Zand, R. Sze, M. Summar and M. G. 
Linguraru, "Using facial images for the diagnosis of genetic syndromes: A 
survey," in Communications, Signal Processing, and their Applications 
(ICCSPA), 2015 International Conference, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 
2015.