79 REFERENCES Al-Hammad, A and Al-Hammad, I. (1996) Interface Problems between Building Owners Designers. Journal of Performance of Construction Facilities, ASCE, 10(3), pp. 123-126 Al-Hammad, A. (1993)Factors Affecting the Relationship Between Contractors and their Subcontractors in Saudi Arabia, Journal of Building Research and Information, 21(5), pp.269-273 Al-Hammad, A. and Assaf, S. (1992) Design Construction Interface Problems in Saudi Arabia. Building Research and Information. 21(1), pp 60-63. Arditi, D. and Chotibhongs, R. 2005. Issues in Subcontracting Practice, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131 (8): 866-876. Barrie, D. S., Paulson Jr., B. C. (1992). Professional Construction Management Including CM, Design-Construct and General Contracting. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Bausman, D.C (2004), Retainage Practice in the Construction Industry, Foundation of the American Subcontractors Association. Biong, H. (2013). Choice of subcontractor in markets with asymmetric information: reputation and price effects. Journal of Industrial Business and Marketing, 28(1), 60-71. doi:10.1108/08858621311285723 Black H C (2009), Black’s Law Dictionary, Minnesota, West publishing. Clough, R H., Sears, G A., Sears, S. K., (2005). Construction Contracting Seventh Edition A Practical Guide to Company Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Construction Industry Development Board. (2013). Subcontracting in the South African Construction Creswell, J.W. (2013). Research Design – Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approach (3rd ed.). United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd. 80 Currie, O. A., Sweeney, N. J., Hafer, R. F., (1991). Construction Subcontracting: A Legal Guide for Industry Professionals. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davis, S., Prichard, R., (2000). Risk management & Insurance Bonding for the Construction Industry. Alexandria VA: Associated General Contractors of America. Debrah, Y. A. and Ofori, G (1997). “Flexibility, Labour Subcontracting and HRM in the Construction Industry in Singapore: Can the System be Refined?” The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8 (5), pp. 690-709 Dossick, C.S., Schunk, T.K., (2007). Subcontractor Schedule Control Method. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 133(3), 262-265. Engineering & Management, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 274-287. Enshassi, A., Mohamed, S., Mustafa, Z.A., & Mayer, P.E. (2007). Factors affecting labour productivity in building projects in the Gaza Strip. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 13(4), 245-254. doi:10.1080/13923730.2007.9636444 Francis Y, Joseph L and Chan K T (2006), Best Practices in Managing Specialist Subcontracting Performance, Hong Kong: Construction Industry Institute. Garrett, M. D., (1979). Complete Handbook of Successful Subcontracting. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Gould, F. & Joyce, N., 2009. Construction Project Management. 3th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Gould, F. E., Joyce, N. E., (2009). Construction Project Management 3rd ed. Upper Seattle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Greenwood, D. (2001) Subcontract procurement: are relationships changing? Construction Management and Economics, 19(1), pp. 5-7. Groton, J.P., Lawrence, K.C. (2010), “Real Time” Prevention and Resolution of Construction Disputes, Dispute Resolution Journal - Vol. 65, No. 2 Gutierrez, A.L.C , Panuwatwanich, K., & Walker, A. (2013), Learning from the Past: Analysis of Factors Contributing to Construction Project Disputes in 81 Australia,Retrievedfromhttp://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/hand le/10072/54433/86056_1.pdf?sequence=1 Gwyn, O., (2003), The Working of the DAB under new FIDIC 1999 (New Red Book), Retrieved from http://fidic.org/sites/default/files/11%20DAB.pdf Harry,W., Ramesh, M., ( 2013) . Evaluation of interface between main contractor and subcontractors during Procurement and construction Satges for Successful Project Implementation. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management,4(1), 36-50. Retrieved from http://www.ppml.url.tw/EPPM/conferences/2012/downioad/SESSON3_A/ 06%20E162.pdf Hendrick, D., Schemm N., (1991). Safeguarding Your Subcontract Rights. Alexandria, VA: Foundation of the American Subcontractors Association. Hinze J & Tracy A. (1994), The Contractor-Subcontractor Relationship: The Subcontractor's View, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 1994, Vol. 120, Issue 2, Pg. 274-287 Hsieh, T.-Y. (1998) Impact of subcontracting on site productivity: Lessons learned in Taiwan,Journal of Construction Engineering & Management, 124(2), pp. 91-100 Humphreys, P., Matthews, J., & Kumaraswamy, M. (2003). Pre-construction project partnering: from adversarial to collaborative relationships. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 8(2), 166-178. doi:10.1108/13598540310468760 Ihsanullah, A.M.M., (1995). Nominated sub-contracting in Sri Lanka. Thesis (M. Sc.). University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. John, M., & Hughes, W. (2000). Construction Contracts- Law and Management. (3rd ed.). London: Spon Press. Kale, S. and Arditi, D. (2001) General contractors' relationships with subcontractors: a strategic asset. Construction Management and Economics, 19, pp. 541- 549 Knutson, k., Schexnayder, C.J.,Fiori, C.M., & Mayo, (2003). Construction Management Fundamentals (Second Edition).United Kingdom 82 Kumaraswamy, M.M. (1997) Conflicts, claims and disputes in construction. Engineering , Construction and Architectural Management, 4(2), pp. 95- 111. Latham (1994) Constructing the Team - The Latham Report. Department of the Environment, HMSO, London Lau, E. and Rowlinson, S. (2009) Interpersonal trust and inter-firm trust in construction projects. Construction Management and Economics, 27, pp. 539-554. Lee, M. Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Ordinance: Legislative Reform of The Doctrine of Privity. Retrieved from http://www.hk- lawyer.org/content/contracts-rights-third-parties-ordinance-legislative- reform-doctrine-privity. Loh W.H., & Ofori, G. (2000). Effect of registration on performance of construction subcontractors in Singapore. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 7(1), 29-40. doi:10.1108/eb021130 Lowe, J. (2009) An Analysis of the Changing Structure of the Contractor in the UK Construction Sector using New InstitutionalEconomics, Proceedings - RICS COBRA Research Conference, September 2009, Cape Town. Maxwell, J.A., (2004), Causal Explanation, Qualitative Research, and Scientific Inquiry in Education, Educational Researcher, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 3–11 Mbachu, J. (2008) Conceptual Framework for the Assessment of Subcontractors‟ Eligibility and Performance in the Construction Industry, Construction Management & Economics, Vol. 26, pp. 471-484. McCord, P.,MS & Gunderson, D.E., (2013). Subcontracttor’s perspectives: Factors that Most Affect Their Relationship with General Contractors – A Pacific Northwest Study, 49th ASC Annual International Conference Proceedings. Moody, C., Ritey, M and Hawkins, N (2008). Differentiation of sub contract Organisations and Principal Contract Organisations: through Attribute Analysis. RICS COBRA Construction and Building Research Conference, Dublin 83 Moore, C., Mosley, D. and Slagle, M. (1992).Partnering Guidelines for Win-Win Project Management, Project Management Journal. 22(1), pp. 18-21. Murdoch, J., & Hughes, W. (2000). Construction Contracts- Law and Management. (3rd ed.). London: Spon Press. Othman, M. R. (2007), Forging Main and Subcontractor Relationship for Successful Projects .Available at: http://rakan1.jkr.gov.my/csfj/editor/files/Files/Projek/ Lessions Learned/MAINandSUB_2.pdf Paul, Assessing Outstanding Payment Issues in the Hong Kong Construction Industry. Polit, D.F. , Hungler, B.P., (1985), Nursing Research: Principles and methods (2nd ed). New York: Lippincott Proctor Jr., J.R., (1996). Golden rule of Contractor-Subcontractor Relations. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 1(1), 12-14. Rahman,.M.M., Kumaraswamy, M. (2005). Relational Selection for Collaborative Working Arrangements. Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 131(10), 1087-1098. Rosli , N..M. (2007), The Use of Standard Form of Domestic Subcontract in Malaysian Construction Industry. (Master’s thesis, University Teknologi Malaysia). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49910146_The use of standard_form_of_domestic_subcontract_in_Malaysian_construction_industr y Sambasivan, M., & Soon, Y.W.,(2007), Causes and effects of delays in Malaysian construction industry, International Journal of Project Management 25 (2007) 517–526 Sandun, K.K., (2009),Usage of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods in respect to the Nominated Subcontracting Works. (unpublished (Unpublished Bachelor’s dissertation). University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. Tayeh, B. A. (2009). The Relationship Between Contractors and their Subcontractors in The Gaza Strip, (Master’s thesis, The Islamic University – Gaza). Retrieved from http://library.iugaza.edu.ps/thesis/86839.pdf 84 Wai, F.W. and Charles Y.J. Cheah (2004), Issues Of Contractual Chain And Sub- Contracting In The Construction Industry , School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798. Xiao-Hua, J., Guomin, Z., Bo,X., Yingbin, F. (2013). Relationship between Head Contractors and Subcontractors in the Construction Industry: A Critical Review, Seventh International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century.Bangkok, Thailand. Yih, C.H., (2007), Clarity of construction contract, (Master Thesis). University of teknology,Malasia. Yiu, K. and Cheung, S. (2006) A catastrophe model of construction conflict behaviour. Building and Environment, 41(4), pp. 438-447. 85 APPENDICES Appendix A - Questionnaire QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY Disputes between Subcontracts and subcontractors in Sri Lankan Construction Industry Dear Sir/Madam, I am Nissanka., following M.Sc in Construction Law and Dispute Resolution, Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa. My research based on above topic is conducted under the supervision of Dr. (Mrs). Yasangika Sandanayake, Senior lecturer, Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa for award of M.Sc in Construction Law and Dispute Resolution degree. The result of this survey would be essential for the successful completion of my research. Completion of the questionnaire would take approximately 20 minutes and all the questions can be answered with minimum effort. Further, I personally assure that all information obtained would be treated to the strictest confidential and only intended for the use of the analysis in this study. All the data will be considered on aggregated basis and no individual data will be published. I would be much obliged to you if you could kindly allocate some time to read this questionnaire and participate by being one of my respondents to help me in this research. Your contribution is highly appreciated. Thank you. Yours faithfully, ................................... Nissanka N.M.N.W.K. Dr. Yasangika Sandanayake. Department of Building Economics, Senior Lecturer, University of Moratuwa Department of Building Economics T.P. 077-3685766 University of Moratuwa. E-mail:wathsalanissanka@gmail.com 86 SECTION A : General Information (General information about respondent) 1.Name : …………………………………………………………… (optional) 2.Designation : ……………………………………………………………………. 3.Company : ………………………………………………………… (optional) 4. Experience:………………………………………………………………………… SECTION B : Contractual Relationship between the Main Contractor and the Subcontractor Respondents are required to give answers based on their experience in past projects. 1. What is the type of subcontract used in Sri Lanka ? (written contract, verbal contract or other) ………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Who prepares the subcontract ? (Main contractor, Subcontractor, client etc) …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. What are the form of subcontract used in your past projects? (FIDIC, JCT, any other) …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. How often disputes occur in subcontracts in Sri Lanka ………………………………………………………………………………… 87 SECTION C : Causes for Disputes in Subcontracts Please mark (x) in the relevant cage and propose mitigation measure. Causes for dispute S tr on gl y d is ag re e D is ag re e M od er at e A gr ee S tr on gl y a g re e P ro p os e M it ig at io n m ea su re 1. Caused by Main Contractor 1.1 Assigning part of the works to new sub contractor, without informing the original subcontractor 1.2 Payment problems 1.3 Contractor’s delays in work and giving approvals 1.4 Insurance and bonding issues 1.5 Poor communication 1.6 Incomplete understanding of the main contractor to the contract documents 1.7 Providing low-quality materials that result in low-quality workmanship 1.8 Properly not document the extent to which the service is given. 88 1.9 Scheduling conflicts 1.10 Failure to provide proper security for the site 1.11 Using distant location for storage of materials 1.12 Contractor's capability and fairness 1.13 Restriction Access 1.14 No proper pre-contract procedures in selecting subcontractor 1.15 Back to back arrangement but correspondence and information between MC and client/consultant is not revealed to SC 1.16 Appointing SC without getting approval from Eng/Consultant 1.17 Dictating relationship 2. Caused by subcontractor 2.1 Delay in progress 2.2 Lack of construction quality work 2.3 Law attention towards the instructions of the main contractor 2.4 Shortage of skilled labor, equipment, machinery 2.5 Failure to preserve and take care of the 89 materials 2.6 Exhausting the plant and resources of the main contractor 2.7 Partnering the works to another subcontractor without getting approval of the main contractor 2.8 Neglecting the safety measures 2.9 Lack of coordination between interfaces of main contractor’s work 2.10 High rate of staff turnover 2.11 Subcontractor does not attend to testing and commissioning in as built situation 3. Caused by Client 3.1 Delay in releasing payments to the main contractor 3.2 Giving instructions to the subcontractor directly without consulting the main contractor 3.3 Objection by the owner on the implementation method used by the subcontractor 3.4 Delay in providing the information such additional drawings, benchmarks, set-backs, etc. 3.5 Unreasonable time allocated for project completion 90 3.6 client's informal nomination of subcontractor those who familiar to client irrespective of main contractor’s preference 3.7 Delay in providing Employer's requirement 3.8 Late appointment of Subcontractor 4. Caused by Consultant 4.1 Delay in approving materials samples and shop drawings 4.2 Incompetent experience of the consultant's team 4.3 Suspension of Main contractor's work due to main contractor's default 4.4 Direct Payment certificates 5. External factors 5.1 Shortage of construction materials in the market 5.2 Closing the commercial border crossings 5.3 Act of God factors 5.4 Geological problems on the site 5.5 Price escalation 5.6 Non availability of standard form of Subcontract in published in Sri Lanka 91 5.7 Difficulties to obtaining approvals for tax concessions, opening lf LC in case of direct import 5.8 Non availability of regulatory body in Sri Lanka for subcontractors Thank You.