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K. Newland, H Tanaka, "Mobilizing Diaspora Entrepreneurship for Development", USAID, Oct 2010, pg 19, available at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/diasporas- entrepreneurship.pdf (accessed 10 Dec 2010) 109. K. Newland, H Tanaka, "Mobilizing Diaspora Entrepreneurship for Development", USAID, Oct 2010, pg 19, available at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/diasporas- entrepreneurship.pdf (accessed 10 Dec 2010) 110. H. K. Klein, M. D. Myers, „A Set of Principles for Conducting and Evaluating Interpretive Field Studies in Information Systems‟, MIS Quarterly, Vol 23, No 1, March 1999, pg 72, Available: http://www.mendeley.com/research/studying-information- technology-organizations-research-approaches-assumptions-1/ (accessed 10 Jan 2012) 111. G. Walsham, „Interpretive Case Studies in IS Research: Nature and Method‟, European Journal of Information Systems (4:2), 1995, pp 74-81, Available: http://www.palgrave- journals.com/ejis/journal/v4/n2/abs/ejis19959a.html, (accessed 10 Jan 2012) http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/diasporas-entrepreneurship.pdf http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/diasporas-entrepreneurship.pdf http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/diasporas-entrepreneurship.pdf http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/diasporas-entrepreneurship.pdf http://www.mendeley.com/research/studying-information-technology-organizations-research-approaches-assumptions-1/ http://www.mendeley.com/research/studying-information-technology-organizations-research-approaches-assumptions-1/ http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ejis/journal/v4/n2/abs/ejis19959a.html http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ejis/journal/v4/n2/abs/ejis19959a.html 79 Appendix A List of SLASSCOM members SLASSCOM has 120 registered member companies as at 2011 of which 91 are listed below. (source: http://www.slasscom.lk/featuredmembers, accessed 10 May 2010) Company Name URL 1 CAM Management Solutions http://www.cammanagementsolutions.com.au/ 2 LK Domain Registry http://www.nic.lk/index.php 3 Cenmetrix http://www.cenmetrix.lk/ 4 Latitude655 http://www.latitude655.com/ 5 Zeelabs http://www.zeelabs.com/ 6 Sabre Technologies http://sabretch.com/ 7 Strategic Partnership Solutions http://www.sp-solutions.biz/ 8 Mubasher http://www.mubasher.net/en/Index.aspx 9 Blue Ocean Ventures http://www.blueoceanventuressrilanka.com/ 10 Talliance http://www.talliancesys.com/ 11 3SG http://www.3sg.com/ 12 Hemas Holdings PLC http://www.hemas.com/ 13 Haleys PLC http://www.hayleys.com/ 14 Kingslake Engineering Systems http://www.kingslake.com/ 15 Cinergix http://www.cinergix.com/ 16 Embla http://www.embla.lk/ 17 BellVantage http://www.bellvantage.com/ 18 Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Sri Lanka http://www.pwc.com/lk/en/index.jhtml 19 Metropolitan http://www.metropolitan.lk/ http://www.slasscom.lk/featuredmembers http://www.cammanagementsolutions.com.au/ http://www.nic.lk/index.php http://www.cenmetrix.lk/ http://www.latitude655.com/ http://www.zeelabs.com/ http://sabretch.com/ http://www.sp-solutions.biz/ http://www.mubasher.net/en/Index.aspx http://www.blueoceanventuressrilanka.com/ http://www.talliancesys.com/ http://www.3sg.com/ http://www.hemas.com/ http://www.hayleys.com/ http://www.kingslake.com/ http://www.cinergix.com/ http://www.embla.lk/ http://www.bellvantage.com/ http://www.pwc.com/lk/en/index.jhtml http://www.metropolitan.lk/ 80 20 eBuilder http://www.ebuilder.com// 21 Legacy Health 22 HelloCorp http://www.hellocorp.com/ 23 Geveo Australasia http://www.geveo.com/ 24 Bits and Bytes http://www.webasia.com/ 25 MphasiS http://www.mphasis.com/ 26 Orion Management Consortium http://www.orioncity.com/ 27 Aegis http://www.aegisglobal.com/ 28 B Sharp http://www.bsharp.com/ 29 MMBL Cyberskills http://www.cyberskills.lk/ 30 Ma Foi Randstad http://www.mafoirandstad.com/ 31 Motorola http://www.motorola.com/us 32 Mazarin http://www.mazarin.lk/ 33 Quaestus Lanka http://www.quaestus-lanka.com/en/ 34 Lanka CAT http://www.lanka-cat.com/en/home/ 35 Iron One Technologies http://www.irononetech.com/home.html 36 zMessenger http://www.zmessenger.lk/ 37 Eurocenter DDC Ltd http://www.eurocenterddc.com/ 38 Innodata-Isogen http://www.innodata-isogen.com/ 39 Legal Base http://www.legalbaselaw.com/ 40 Timex BPO 41 Allion Technologies 42 Rev Analytics 43 Business Solution Systems http://www.bss.lk/ 44 Spectra Skills 45 Brandix http://www.brandix.com/ http://www.ebuilder.com/ http://www.hellocorp.com/ http://www.geveo.com/ http://www.webasia.com/ http://www.mphasis.com/ http://www.orioncity.com/ http://www.aegisglobal.com/ http://www.bsharp.com/ http://www.cyberskills.lk/ http://www.mafoirandstad.com/ http://www.motorola.com/us http://www.mazarin.lk/ http://www.quaestus-lanka.com/en/ http://www.lanka-cat.com/en/home/ http://www.irononetech.com/home.html http://www.zmessenger.lk/ http://www.eurocenterddc.com/ http://www.innodata-isogen.com/ http://www.legalbaselaw.com/ http://www.bss.lk/ http://www.brandix.com/ 81 46 AKLO Information Technologies http://www.akloit.com/ 47 KloudIP BPO http://www.kloudip.com/ 48 IIMI http://www.capturedata.com/ 49 IBM http://www.ibm.com/lk/en/ 50 CODEGEN http://www.codegen.it/ 51 IFS (Global) http://www.ifsworld.com/ 52 Aepan http://www.aepona.com/ 53 Silk http://www.silk-outsourcing.com/ 54 Providence http://www.providenceglobal.com/ 55 Infomate pvt Lmt (JKH) http://www.infomateworld.com/ 56 Azure Global http://www.azure-global.com/ 57 BPO Sri Lanka http://www.bposrilanka.com/accounting_consultancy/ 58 NGS Technologies http://www.ngstechnologies.com/Home.aspx 59 Kaleido Source http://www.kaleidosource.com/ 60 TATA Communications http://www.tatacommunications.com/ 61 WSO2 http://wso2.com/ 62 Apturion 63 Eves IT 64 LankaClear 65 Datamation http://www.datamation.lk/ 66 Respere http://respere.com/ 67 AGSoft http://www.agintl.com/ Orion City 68 Tholons http://www.tholons.com/ 69 Zone 24x7 http://www.zone24x7.com/ 70 Teamwork Technologies http://www.teamwork.se/ http://www.akloit.com/ http://www.kloudip.com/ http://www.capturedata.com/ http://www.ibm.com/lk/en/ http://www.codegen.it/ http://www.ifsworld.com/ http://www.aepona.com/ http://www.silk-outsourcing.com/ http://www.providenceglobal.com/ http://www.infomateworld.com/ http://www.azure-global.com/ http://www.bposrilanka.com/accounting_consultancy/ http://www.ngstechnologies.com/Home.aspx http://www.kaleidosource.com/ http://www.tatacommunications.com/ http://wso2.com/ http://www.datamation.lk/ http://respere.com/ http://www.agintl.com/ http://www.tholons.com/ http://www.zone24x7.com/ http://www.teamwork.se/ 82 71 MillenniumIT http://www.millenniumit.com/main.html 72 Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/en/lk/default.aspx 73 Ridgecrest Financial http://www.ridgecrestfinancial.com/ 74 Medkpo http://www.medkpo.com/ 75 Medigain http://www.medigain.com/ 76 Quantum http://www.quantumbpo.com/ 77 Dinota IT http://www.dinotait.com/ 78 JKCS http://www.jkcsworld.com/ 79 RR Donnelley http://www.rrdonnelley.com/Home.asp 80 IFS http://www.ifsworld.com/si-LK 81 Pearson eCollege http://www.ecollege.com/index.learn 82 Aranxa Software (Pte) http://www.aranxa.com/aranxauser/aranxa/home.html 83 Dialog http://www.dialog.lk/ecm/ 84 Zillione http://www.zillione.com/ 85 WNS http://www.wns.com/ 86 Informatics http://www.informaticsint.com/ 87 Amba Research http://www.ambaresearch.com/ 88 HSBC Global Resourcing http://www.hsbcglobalresourcing.com/ 89 hSenid http://www.hsenid.com/ 90 Navantis http://www.navantis.com/Pages/Default.aspx 91 Virtusa http://www.virtusa.com/ http://www.millenniumit.com/main.html http://www.microsoft.com/en/lk/default.aspx http://www.ridgecrestfinancial.com/ http://www.medkpo.com/ http://www.medigain.com/ http://www.quantumbpo.com/ http://www.dinotait.com/ http://www.jkcsworld.com/ http://www.rrdonnelley.com/Home.asp http://www.ifsworld.com/si-LK http://www.ecollege.com/index.learn http://www.aranxa.com/aranxauser/aranxa/home.html http://www.dialog.lk/ecm/ http://www.zillione.com/ http://www.wns.com/ http://www.informaticsint.com/ http://www.ambaresearch.com/ http://www.hsbcglobalresourcing.com/ http://www.hsenid.com/ http://www.navantis.com/Pages/Default.aspx http://www.virtusa.com/ 83 List of potential interview candidates Note: Contact details has been suppressed to maintain privacy Name Designation Contact Number/ email 1. Mr Madu Ratnayaka GM Virtusa 2 Dr Harsha Subasinghe CEO CODEGEN 3. Dr Sanjiv Weeraman CEO, WSO2 4. Prof Rohan Samarajiva Chairman, LIRNEAsia 5. Mr Sujee Saparamadu CEO Orange HRM 6. Mr Dinesh Saparamadu Founder & CEO hSenid 7. Mr Lavan Fernando CEO Zone 24x7 8. Mr Chandika Jayasundara CEO Cinergix/Creately 9. Mr Gihan Fernando Garmos TEchnologies 10. Dr Upali Kohomban Codegen 11. Dr Jayantha Rajapaksa Monash, Malaysia 12. Dr Abhaya Induruwa Canterbury Christ Church University, UK 13. Mr Raomal Perera Adjunct Professor of Entrepreneurship and Family Enterprise | Valista 14. Dr Damminda Alahakoon Monash, Australia 15. Mr Tony Weerasinghe CEO MIT 16. Mr Mano Sekaram CEO, Eurocenter DDC 17. Prof Saman Amrasinghe MIT, US 18. Mr Mangala Karunaratne CEO, Calcey Technologies, US 19. Mr Chandima Mendis CEO, CodeConnexion, Denmark 20 Mr Saman Halgamage 21 Dr Buddhinath Jayathilaka Creative Solutions Lanka 84 22 Mr Sanath Fernando Ridge Crest 23 Mr Nalina Wijesundara eCollege 24 Mr Reshan Devapriya CEO, ICTA 25 Mr Chrishantha Nanayakkara ICTA 26 Mr Ajith Samaranayake MIT 27 Mr Manju Hattotuwa World Bank 28 Dr Srinath Perera WSO2 29 Ms Lakmini Wijesundara Iron One 30 Mr Peter De Almeida N*Able 31 Mr Krishan Jayatunga Kroworks 32 Mr Jeevan Gnanam Providence 33 Mr Dushan Soza WNS 34 Mr Ramesh Chanmugan Keells IT 35 Prof Athula Ginige Univeristy of Sydney 36 Dr Shahani Werawarana University of Moratuwa 37 Mr Dulith Herath Kapruka 38 Ms Shinanthi Kelly Infinite Media 39 Mr Harsha Poorasinghe Micro Image 40 Mr Jeggan Rajendram, Mr Nadeem Rajabdeen and Mr Sabir Esufali Anything.lk 85 List of interviews done Note: Contact details has been suppressed to maintain privacy Name Designation Contact 1. Mr Madu Ratnayaka GM Virtusa 2. Dr Sanjiv Weeraman CEO, WSO2 3. Prof Rohan Samarajiva Chairman, LIRNEAsia 4. Mr Sujee Saparamadu Co-Founder & CEO Orange HRM 5. Mr Dinesh Saparamadu Founder & CEO hSenid 6. Mr Lavan Fernando,( via Sankalpa Gamwarige) CEO Zone 24x7 7. Mr Chandika Jayasundara Co-Founder & CEO Cinergix/Creately 8. Dr Upali Kohomban CodeGen 9. Dr Abhaya Induruwa Canterbury Christ Church University, UK 10. Mr Raomal Perera Adjunct Professor of Entrepreneurship and Family Enterprise,| Valista 11. Dr Damminda Alahakoon Monash, Australia 12. Prof Saman Amrasinghe MIT, US 13. Mr Mangala Karunaratne CEO, Calcey Technologies, US 14. Mr Chandima Mendis CEO, CodeConnexion, Denmark 15 Dr Buddhinath Jayathilaka Creative Solutions Lanka 16 Mr Nalina Wijesundara eCollege 17 Mr Dushan Soza WNS 18 Mr Peter D'Almeida N*Able 19 Dr Shahani Werawarana University of Moratuwa 20 Mr Dulith Herath Kapruka 21 Dr Srinath Perera WSO2 22 Mr Krishan Jayathunga Kroworks 23 Mr Chandima Mendis CodeConnexion 86 Appendix B List of interview questions Question Research Variable 1. Can you tell me about your educational and professional background? Level of education Professional experience 2. Where are you currently located? Abroad/ home Diaspora return Diaspora circulation 3. What was the reason for you leaving Sri Lanka/ returning to Sri Lanka? Factors that determine migration Factors that determine return 4. Do you frequently travel, and for what purpose? 5. Have you been involved in starting up of an IT firm(s), and if so what was your role in the start up? IT entrepreneurship 6. Who invested in your start up company? Local entrepreneurs, family business, foreign investors or other? Capital funding Diaspora networks 7. Tell me about the kind of work done by your firm? If you are able to tell me the turnover, how much is it? IT company 8. Does this involve adaptation to new technology? How do your employees obtain the necessary knowledge and skills for this? Diaspora contribution to knowledge and skills transfer 9. Have you hired IT professionals who have studied and worked abroad for any of your projects? Is there any special reason for this? Diaspora return Diaspora circulation 10. Can you describe how advanced ICT (and perhaps transportation) has enabled your firm to operate across different countries? ICT advancing Diaspora contribution 11. What are the challenges in setting up an IT firm in Sri Lanka (by a Diaspora member) and what can the government do to improve this situation? Home country characteristics 12. What can the Foreign Missions in countries that have a high concentration of Sri Lankan Diaspora (like the US, UK, Canada and Australia) do to strengthen Diaspora Networks? Home country characteristics 13. Give me a list of institutions, organizations and perhaps ministries that you dealing with regarding your business? Home country characteristics 87 Sample interview transcripts (of a face-to-face interview) Interview 21 June 2011, 5.00 pm Question 1. Can you tell me about your educational and professional background? Schooled at Richmond College Galle, did his basic degree at University Moratuwa, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Masters in Software Systems Engineering, Melbourne University and PhD in Computer Science at the RMIT University, Melbourne , Australia 2. Where are you currently located? Abroad/ home Permanently based in Melbourne, Australia 3. What was the reason for you leaving Sri Lanka/ returning to Sri Lanka? For higher studies. I came back to Sri Lanka in 2007. 4. Do you frequently travel, and for what purpose? Yes, very frequently for business purpose between Norway (client), Australia (marketing base) and Sri Lanka (Main Office) 5. Have you been involved in starting up of an IT firm(s), and what was your role? Yes, way back in 1999 when University closed I co-founded a software company called Four Corners in which I continued to work as a developer even during my third/fourth years. Four Corners was one of the first companies to give internet based business solutions in Sri Lanka. We worked specially for a US partner who funded this venture as a company following the .com model. When the .com bubble went bust, Four Corners moved into other areas of web based solutions. Once I completed my doctoral studies I returned to Sri Lanka and was involved in forming Creative Search Technologies which is a subsidiary of Creative Solution, where I'm currently working as Director, Software Engineering. 6. Who invested in your start-up company? Local entrepreneurs, family business, foreign Interviewee: Dr. Buddhinath Jayatilleke, Director, Software Engineering www.linkedin.com/pub/buddhinath-jayatilleke/ Company: Creative Search Technologies http://www.cslworld.com/ http://www.linkedin.com/pub/buddhinath-jayatilleke/ http://www.cslworld.com/ 88 investors or other? Four Corners - Foreign investor (found by my partner)Creative Search Technologies - FDI by our Norwegian partners (we are 100% BOI company) 7. Tell me about the kind of work done by your firm? If you are able to tell me the turnover, how much is it? We provide offshore software development for Europe and Australia. Creative Solutions has about 250 people working in total (out of which 120 work for Microsoft) at Creative Search Technologies. CST mainly works on enterprise search technology related assignments. Creative Solutions handle another major client called Cambio and we've taken many small and medium scale offshore development projects as well. We use J2EE, .NET and open source software, MySQL, MS SQL Server and Oracle. We also do web development with a host of new technologies. 8. Does this involve adaptation to new technology? How do your employees obtain the necessary knowledge and skills for this? We have access to all of Microsoft reference and our staff is able to learn from that. We have special training programs conducted not only to impart domain knowledge and technology know-how but also to develop communication skills and assertiveness. 9. Have you hired IT professionals who have studied and worked abroad for any of your projects? Is there any special reason for this? Yes, I would say a good graduate's technical knowledge is in par with a foreign graduate. But anybody who's studied abroad is better at handling foreign clients, better in communication and has a wholesome mind-set. 10. Can you describe how advanced ICT (and perhaps transportation) has enabled your firm to operate across different countries? ICT is what makes the way we work possible. We run a direct operation here, though located geographically in distant locations our staff is part of a very large team. This is made possible with the advance ICT that I feel is not lacking in any manner (in Sri Lanka) to what I would experience in Melbourne. (we use a very expensive 45 MB leased line which our Norwegian client is willing to pay) our staff has access to 3G when on travel and is never limited by where they are when it comes to working together. I also travel alot to manage the business so these two have been the pillar upon which our offshore software development model is functioning. 11. What are the challenges in setting up an IT firm in Sri Lanka (by a Diaspora member) 89 and what can the government do to improve this situation? In my opinion what is lacking is a one-stop-shop where everything pertaining to the setting up of a company could be handled. ie BOI could coordinate with the TRC, banks, EDB etc and make it easier for the entrepreneur to get started. He needs to pay greater attention to operational tasks rather than carrying documents from one organization to another. 12. What can the Foreign Missions in countries that have a high concentration of Sri Lankan Diaspora (like the US, UK, Canada and Australia) do to strengthen Diaspora Networks? Build a forum for IT and BPO companies. Organize trade promotions; create awareness among the established Sri Lankans (those who have migrated about 10 years ago) about offshore software development, outsourcing and the huge potential of the IT industry in Sri Lanka. Our strength is in taking the small-to-medium scale software development projects, of clients who need meticulous coding and high quality in software. Establish a database of IT professionals so that Sri Lanka could track down potential candidates and call for their service for short terms or invite for events. 13. Give me a list of institutions, organizations and perhaps ministries that you dealing with regarding your business? Already mentioned. 14. Have you considered working for Universities in Sri Lanka? I'm already teaching a module for the MBA offered by the CSE Department of University of Moratuwa, I'm a guest lecturer at University of Colombo. I regularly supervise projects of CSE students. I have designed and conducted a module called Enterprise Search Technologies for an MSC course. This is similar to the training received by our in-house carder. 15. Many IT professionals and academics working abroad are not keen in returning to their home country. What do you think are the reasons? Diaspora would like to enjoy the same life style. They would find it too expensive to maintain the same standards. Developed countries have better income options as well as better career options and more resources. 90 Sample interview transcript (of a Skype interview) Interview 5 July 2011, 5pm Skype Questions 1. Can you tell me about your educational and professional background? MA Business Communication / Public Relations – European University, Paris, France BfA Spec. Hons – York University, Toronto, ON, Canada 15+ yrs graphic design work primarily freelance 2. Where are you currently located? Abroad/ home Toronto, ON, Canada (home) 3. What was the reason for you leaving Sri Lanka/ returning to Sri Lanka? Personal reasons – I started to find the social space there a little constricting. NA: Just tell me what made you r parents leave SL & how old were u then? KJ: well, they left in 73. I was 2yrs. I think it was the political situation in Lanka they didn't like, plus they wanted to give us more educational opportunities. I don't remember too well. NA: So having studied in Canada what made you come & work in SL.. was your 1st job here at Young Asia TV? KJ: Nope. I actually did work for ITDG before Young Asia, and before that for the Post Graduate Institute of Archaeology and SLANA (Sri Lanka Anti Narcotics Agency). NA: What made you come back to SL? KJ: I returned to Sri Lanka to find my "roots", as many repatriate kids do. NA: What year was it that you came back & how long did you work here? KJ: I arrived in Lanka in 1994 I think, and left in early 1999. I was only there for a short time. Interviewee: Krishan Jayathunga, Graphics Designer – Toronto, Canada http://ca.linkedin.com/pub/krishan-jayatunge/4/11/345 Company: Kroworks http://www.kroworks.com/ http://ca.linkedin.com/pub/krishan-jayatunge/4/11/345 http://www.kroworks.com/ 91 NA: Is there a special reason why you worked with activist & development agencies rather than commercial or advertising firms? KJ: Like many super heroes, I only wanted to use my powers for good. Seriously though, I just felt like it made more sense to work for activist & development agencies than for the commercial sector. From the moment I landed in Lanka I was courted by such agencies, but only got into the commercial stuff after working at YATV, and that was only for a short time. Reward is not purely a monetary thing. At that point in my life, reward equaled interesting work, helping in some way or another and seeing and doing new things, so the non-profit sector made most sense. Now, reward equals more time with my son, which means that I have to rely on the less work for more money equation that only corporate work can give. 3. Do you frequently travel, and for what purpose? Not really after my son was born. NA: Do you have connections over in Sri Lanka? KJ: Not really. I do go back to visit family , and I was just there on a business trip to do some design work for this surf line, but I don't do an annual sojourn to Lanka the way I used to. 4. Have you been involved in starting up of an IT firm(s), and if so what was your role in the start up? Nope. Although my work includes some IT aspects, I feel I am primarily a freelance graphic designer. 5. Who invested in your start-up company? Local entrepreneurs, family business, foreign investors or other? No-one 6. Tell me about the kind of work done by you/your company? Graphic design I work primarily for large clients including Kraft (US and Canada), Loblaws and soon (hopefully)the Mars Group. 7. Have you comeback to Sri Lanka and worked? What was your contribution to the local IT industry? Well, I did set up the first graphic department at YATV and got that ball started and gave Probie (founder of dimension X - http://www.facebook.com/pages/Dimension-X-Pvt- Ltd/160095304060733?sk=info) his first break. Also, I was one of the first commercial 3-D http://www.facebook.com/pages/Dimension-X-Pvt-Ltd/160095304060733?sk=info http://www.facebook.com/pages/Dimension-X-Pvt-Ltd/160095304060733?sk=info 92 animators in the country. 8. You are a talented Graphics Designer. And there is a dearth for good designers in Sri Lanka. Have you considered working with the Universities? No, I have no patience and would be afraid of hitting the students. NA: In my research so far, I've learnt that there's a dearth for designers, good products need good interfaces but we don't have proper breeding grounds for that. Would you consider collaborative work with universities in SL? KJ: If I were there, yes. From what I've seen in Lanka is that there is a huge amount of emphasis put on the technical aspects of creation and very little on the creative (imaginative) side of it. That is something that has to change. If you look at how Singapore is fostering creative development among it's youth, you start to realize how important that sort of thinking and problem solving will be in the future (if not now). So, yes, I would consider working in universities, but I can't because I'm here. I don't think it would be fair to the students even if it was on and off. I would have to be there for a full run of a course. 9. Can you describe how advanced ICT (and perhaps transportation) has enabled IT professionals to operate across different countries? Ummm… the internet has helped. 10. What can the Foreign Missions in countries that have a high concentration of Sri Lankan Diaspora (like the US, UK, Canada and Australia) do to strengthen Diaspora Networks? I‟m not sure Diaspora networks need to be strengthened. There seems to be very tight Sinhalese, Tamil, Burger and Malay communities already existing in Toronto. NA: Toronto has got the 2nd largest number of SL migrants... what I meant by Diaspora networks is how they can connect among themselves and make themselves available for development activities in SL... not necessarily in IT (although that's my focus right now) KJ: Well, we do fund quite a bit of the LTTE. It has been proven. NA: Yes apart from that, what else can be done. KJ: But to be honest, I really don't know what more they can do. I know all those old boys and girls clubs exists here (Royal, Thomian, Trinitian, Vishaka, Ladies). There seems to be a thriving publishing business creating newpapers and sheets for the Sri Lankan Diaspora. They have TV shows, radio shows, cultural get-togethers. They even had a Sri Lankan festival (with an exhibit of "cultural artifacts" that looked like they had just ripped off a 93 Laksala (I was HORRIFIED!!)) here at Harbour Front. So the Diaspora community is super tight. It's just in motivating them to contribute back to Lanka that there is a problem. I'm talking from an outsider point of view here, as I'm not really part of that community at all. I really don't hang out with many Sri Lankans. But one thing I know is that there is a level of mistrust towards NGOs in Lanka (unless they are full on INGOs like STC or WWF or something) because of the LTTE fundraising that has been done under the guise of NGO fundraising. but to be honest, I'm so divorced from the Diaspora, I wouldn't know. I'm sorry, but I'm a kalu suddha in a big way. NA: Do u think you are a 2 nd generation migrant? (like kids born to migrant parents) KJ: Oh without a doubt. I was very small when I came here. I haven't had much of Sri Lankan culture. I only really go to Scarborough zwhen I need some kottu roti. But you would be surprised at how "in the community" second generation migrants are these days. My actual experience in Sri Lanka was limited to those five years I spent there and family vacations. I think I am a little out of it because my parents moved here so early and there was no real Sri Lankan community set up. We were forced to integrate, and didn't have the option to ghettoize that more recent immigrants have had. 11. Many IT professionals and academics working abroad are not keen in returning to their home country. What do you think are the reasons? For me it is my son. I think there are far more opportunities life wise and education wise and job wise here. So we stay here. Plus, I love his school – it‟s on an island! Background Education: •Bachelor of Fine Arts, Specialized Honours 1989-1993 York University, Toronto, Canada. •Master of Arts in Business Communications and Public Relations 1993-1994 European University, Paris, France. Awarded Outstanding Achievement Award for the MA Class of 1994. Professional: With a proven track record of over 10 years of client centered design, Krishan Jayatunge has gleaned extensive international experience both on the beaten track (Paris, London and 94 Singapore) and off (Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan). He has worked with a wide variety of clientele - from small grassroots organizations (Morobe NGO Kibung) to large corporations (Cadbury Adams). His work has ranged from small, one color, single sheet brochures to large-scale wall and signage graphics for the soon to be opened Library of Design in Singapore. His present work focuses primarily on web development using Flash, CSS, PHP and a good sense of design and info-structure. He is comfortable working both in print and web based media and swims through both with ease. Work experience: Manager, Graphics Department. Young Asia Television, 1995 – 1996 Consultant - Communications Specialist Papua New Guinea Community Development Scheme (AusAID), June 1999 – October 2000 FRTD, 1999 – 2007 Developed and maintain websites for IFRTD and IFRTD initiatives - www.ifrtd.org - www.ruralwaterways.org - www.mobilityandhealth.org Designed various print publications Developed "Rural Transport Toolkit" - an interactive Flash based CD ROM Freelance Designer Cadbury PLC, 2004 – 2010 Kroworks - own company (January 2000 – Present) Developed and designed various print and new media projects. Static websites for: • Intermediate Technology Group (now Practical Action) Sri Lanka (PA-SL) • Community Concern Society • Sri Lanka Environmental Telveision Productions • TRISP • International Water Management Institute (IWMI) http://www.linkedin.com/search?search=¤tCompany=C&company=kroworks&sortCriteria=R&keepFacets=true&goback=%2Efps_PBCK_*1_+_Jayatunge_*1_*1_*1_*1_*2_*1_Y_*1_*1_*1_false_1_R_true_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2 95 PHP/MySQL based websites with integrated CMS for: • the Gender and Disaster Sourcebook • the Professional Association of Interns and Residents in Ontario (PAIRO) • Television Trust for the Environment • Centre for Poverty Alleviation (CEPA) • International Forum for Rural Transport and Developement (IFRTD) • PA-SL •Flash website on Sepik art and a site on Tibetian Medical Thangkas for the IDRC (Singapore) • print (brochures, posters, cards, annual reports, books) and digital media for the Learning Disabilities Association of Ontario, CEPA, PAIRO, PA-SL, TVE-AP and IFRTD. 96 Sample interview transcript (of a email interview) Interview method: 28, June 2011 eMail Question 1. Can you tell me about your educational and professional background? B.Sc. (Eng) from Moratuwa, M.Sc. from the Technical University of Denmark 2. Where are you currently located? Abroad/ home Denmark 3. What was the reason for you leaving Sri Lanka/ returning to Sri Lanka? Left for studies, and got married abroad. Returned to start up a company. 4. Do you frequently travel, and for what purpose? Yes. Sales activities in Scandinavia. 4a. How often do you travel back to Sri Lanka (and for what purpose)? I visit Sri Lanka 6 to 10 times a year, for company management. 4b. Have you been involved in starting up of an IT firm(s), and if so what was your role in the start up? Yes. Founder of Code Connexion. 5. What lead you to founding of CodeConnexion in Sri Lanka? It has been my ambition for a long time to start a company in Software development, and contribute to the development of the Sri Lankan IT Industry. 6. Who invested in your start-up company? Local entrepreneurs, family business, foreign investors or other? Foreign investors and myself. 6a Who were your foreign investors, was it through FDI and is the firm a BOI Interviewee: Chandima Mendis, CEO chandima@codeconnexion.com Company: Codeconnexion www.codeconnexion.com mailto:chandima@codeconnexion.com http://www.codeconnexion.com/ 97 company? My foreign partner is IT Practice A/S of Denmark. A 100% IT exports company, CodeConexion is a BOI company. 7. Tell me about the kind of work done by your firm? If you are able to tell me the turnover, how much is it? Software development and maintenance services. Between 70 to 110 Mill Rs. 100% export. 8. Does this involve adaptation to new technology? How do your employees obtain the necessary knowledge and skills for this? Some adaptation needed. C#.Net and Java are the basic skills needed. Self-study is a major knowledge acquisition method. Courses at education providers is another, for specialized areas (like Sharepoint, Oracle PL/SQL etc) 9. Have you hired IT professionals who have studied and worked abroad for any of your projects? Is there any special reason for this? Yes. No special reason. Having the required skills is what is necessary. Having worked abroad improves English communication skills, which is a key skill we require. 10. Can you describe how advanced ICT (and perhaps transportation) has enabled your firm to operate across different countries? Broadband connectivity is the main enabling technology. Sri Lanka is lagging far behind other countries with regard to this (see the country ranking at: http://www.netindex.com/download/2,74/Sri-Lanka/) Global average for download speed is 8.75 Mb/s (Sri Lanka 1.14Mb/s). 11.What are the challenges in setting up an IT firm in Sri Lanka (by a Diaspora member) and what can the government do to improve this situation? The main challenge for any IT company in Sri Lanka is to find qualified IT Professionals. Even though the output from universities in Sri Lanka in the IT field has increased, there is a lack of experienced IT developers in Sri Lanka. One reason for this is that many IT professionals move away into management after a few years, especially people with university degrees. Maintaining peace and harmony in the country is the major factor as far as the http://www.netindex.com/download/2,74/Sri-Lanka/ 98 government‟s contribution is concerned. If peace is maintained the private sector can develop the IT field without much difficulty. The government should also focus on improving the IT education in Sri Lanka, from primary school to universities and ensure that all students have good access to the internet. Infrastructure of the country (electricity, telecommunication, roads) should also be improved. 12. What can the Foreign Missions in countries that have a high concentration of Sri Lankan Diaspora (like the US, UK, Canada and Australia) do to strengthen Diaspora Networks? I think the foreign missions should focus on marketing Sri Lanka by projecting a positive picture of Sri Lanka to counter the negative picture projected by the 30 year war situation and the continuation of negative news in the media about human rights violations. Cannot comment on US, UK, Canada and Australia as I am in Denmark. 13. Give me a list of institutions, organizations and perhaps ministries that you dealing with regarding your business? BOI, Inland revenue, EPF, ETF Background Founder & CEO Codeconnexion.CodeConnexion was established in Colombo, Sri Lanka by Chandima Mendis and IT Practice A/S of Denmark in April 2004. Chandima is an IBM certified IT Architect with over 15 years of experience in Systems Integration and Software Development in Denmark and other Scandinavian countries. He holds an M.Sc. degree from the Danish Technical University, Lyngby (1992) and a Bachelors degree in engineering from the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (1990). Chandima is the CEO of CodeConnexion and leads the development activities in Colombo. He lives in Hørsholm, Denmark and Colombo, Sri Lanka. IT Practice is a provider of mission critical business systems integration services to customers in multiple industries, and has been selected as the number 1 Systems Integrator in Denmark by Computerworld Top-100 list in 2005. Source: http://www.codeconnexion.com/company/history.html (accessed 20th June 2011) http://www.codeconnexion.com/company/history.html 99 Appendix C Summary of evidence in a spreadsheet format 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108