118 
 
6 REFERENCES 
Abily, M., Bertrand, N., Delestre, O., Gourbesville, P., & Duluc, C. M. (2016). Spatial 
global sensitivity analysis of high resolution classified topographic data use in 
2D urban flood modelling. Environmental Modelling Software, 77, 183-195. 
Abdulla, F., & Badranih, L.  (2009). Application of a Rainfall-Runoff Model to three 
catchments in Iraq. Taylor and Francis, London. 
Ali, H. T. (2016). Digital Urban Terrain Characterization for 1D-2D Hydrodynamic 
Flood Modelling in Kigali, Rwanda, MSc Thesis, University of Twente. 
Ali, A., Solomatine, D. P., & Di Baldassarre, G. (2015). Assessing the impact of 
different sources of topographic data on 1-D hydraulic modelling of floods. Hydrology 
and Earth System Sciences, 19(1), 631–643.  
Alkema, D. (2007). Simulating Floods: on the application of a 2D hydraulic model for 
flood hazard and risk assessment.MSc Theses, International Institute for geo-
information science and earth observation, Netherlands 
Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geographical 
Analysis 27, 93–115 
Ariyabandu, M. M., & Hulangamuwa, P. (2002). Corporate   Social   Responsibility 
and Natural Disaster Reduction in Sri Lanka, Report. 
Apirumanekul, C., & Mark, O. (2001). Modelling of Urban Flooding in Dhaka City. 
In: Proceedings of 4th DHI Software Conference, 101-108.   
ASTER GDEM Readme Handbook. 
Bates, P. D., & De Roo, A. P. J. (2000). A simple raster-based model for flood 
inundation simulation. Journal of Hydrology, 236(1–2), 54–77.  
Bates, P. D., Horritt, M. S., Hervouet, J. M. (1998a).  Investigating two-dimensional, 
finite element predictions of floodplain inundation using fractal generated topography.  
Hydrological Processes, 12, 1257– 1277. 
Bates, P. D., & Horritt, M.S. (2002). LISFLOOD-FP User Manual and Technical note, 
Technical report, University of Bristol. 
Bates, P. D., Marks, K. J., & Horritt, M. S. (2003). Optimal use of high-resolution 
topographic data in flood inundation models. Hydrological Processes, 17, 537–557. 
Bates, P. D., Horritt, M. S., & Timothy, J. (2010). A simple inertial formulation of the 
shallow water equations for efficient two-dimensional flood inundation modelling. 
Journal of Hydrology, 387 (1–2), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/jhydrol.2010.03.027. 
Becker, A., & Grunewald, U. (2003). Flood risk in central Europe. Science, 300, 1099-
1109. 
Berry, P. A. M., Garlick, J. D., & Smith, R. G. (2007). Near-global validation of the 
SRTM DEM using satellite radar altimetry, Remote Sensing Environment, 106, 17–27. 
119 
 
Beven, K. (2001). Changing ideas in hydrology- The case of physically-based models. 
Journal of Hydrology, 105(1–2), 157–172. http://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694 (89)901 
01-7. 
Beven, K. & Binley, A. (1992).  The future of distributed models – model calibration 
and uncertainty prediction, Hydrological. Process. 6, 279–298. 
Bozoğlu, B. (2015).  1-D and 2-D flood modelling studies and upstream structural 
measures for Samsun city terme district, MSc Thesis, The graduate school of natural 
and applied sciences of Middle East Technical University. 
Brandt, S. (2005). Resolution issues of elevation data during inundation modelling of 
river floods.  Proceedings of the XXXI IAHR Congress, 3573–3581. 
Brunner, G. W. (2014). Combine 1D and 2D Modeling with HEC-RAS. USACE-
HEC. 
Casas, A., Benito, G., Thorndycraft, V. R., & Rico, M. (2006). The topographic data 
source of digital terrain models is a key element in the accuracy of hydraulic flood 
modelling. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 31, 444-456. 
Charlton, M. E., Large, A. R. G., & Fuller, I. C. (2003). Application of airborne LiDAR 
in river environments: the River Coquet, Northumberland, UK. Earth Surface 
Processes and Landforms, 28(3), 299–306.  
Chaieb, A., Rebai, N. & Bouaziz, S. (2016). Vertical Accuracy Assessment of SRTM 
Ver 4 .1 and ASTER GDEM Ver 2 Using GPS Measurements in Central West of 
Tunisia. Journal of Geographic Information System, 8, 57–64. 
Chow, V. T. (1959). Open channel hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New 
York. 
Chu, X., & Steinman, A. (2009). Event and Continuous Hydrologic Modeling with 
HEC-HMS. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 135(1), 119–124. 
https://doi.org/10.1061/ (ASCE) 0733-9437(2009)135:1(119). 
Consultative Group for International Agriculture Research Consortium for Spatial 
Information (CGIAR-CSI) [web log post]. Retrieved 2004, from http://srtm.csi. 
cgiar.org. 
Cook, A. & Merwade, V. (2009). Effect of topographic data, geometric configuration 
and modelling approach on flood inundation mapping. Journal of Hydrology, 377, 
131–142. 
Danish Hydraulic Institute, (1997). MIKE11 GIS Reference and User Manual. DHI: 
Horsholm 
Danish Hydraulic Institute, (2007). MIKE 21 Environmental Hydraulics, 
Advection–Dispersion Module Reference Manual. DHI: Horsholm. 
De Silva, M. M. G. T., Weerakoon, S. B., Herath, S., Ratnayake, U. R., & Mahanama, 
S. (2012). Flood Inundation Mapping along the Lower Reach of Kelani River Basin 
under the Impact of Climatic Change. Engineer: Journal of the Institution of 
Engineers, Sri Lanka, 45(2).   
Disaster Management Center Annual Report, 2012. 
120 
 
Disaster Management Center Website, Retrieved from http:// www.desinventar.lk. 
Dong, L. (2006). Evaluation of high-quality topographical data for geomorphological 
and flood impact studies in the upland area: North york moors, UK, Durham Theses, 
Durham University. 
Dottori, F., Di Baldassarre, G., & Todini, E. (2013). Detailed data is welcome, but with 
a pinch of salt: Accuracy, precision, and uncertainty in flood inundation modelling, 
Water Resources Research, 49, 6079–6085, doi:10.1002/wrcr.20406. 
EEA. (2001). Sustainable water use in Europe. Part 3: Extreme hydrological events: 
floods and droughts. Environmental Issues Report No 21, Copenhagen, 2001. 
Engel, B. D., Storm, M., White, J. G., & Arnold, A.  (2007). A hydrologic/water quality 
model application protocol. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 43(5), 
1223-1236. 
Erdogan, S. (2010). Modelling the spatial distribution of DEM error with 
geographically weighted regression: An experimental study. Computational  
Geoscience, 36, 34–43. 
Erskine, R. H., Green, T. R., Ramirez, J. A., & Macdonald, L. H. (2007). Digital 
Elevation Accuracy and Grid Cell Size : Effects on Estimated Terrain Attributes, 
71(4). https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0142 
ESRI (USA). (2014a). ArcGIS 10.1 Help-Cell size of raster data. Environmental 
Systems Research Institute. 
Farr, T., & Kobrick, M. (2001). The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. American 
Geophysical Union EOS, 81, 583–585. 
Fotheringham, A. S., Brunsdon, C., & Charlton, M. (2002). Geographically Weighted 
Regression: The analysis of spatially varying relationships, first edition John Wiley 
& Sons, Chichester, UK 269. 
Gallay, M., Lloyd, C., & McKinley, J. (2010). Using geographically weighted 
regression for analysing elevation error of high-resolution DEMS. In Proceedings of 
the Ninth International Accuracy Symposium, Leicester, UK. 
Getis, A., & Ord, J. K. (1992). The analysis of spatial association by use of distance 
statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24, 189–206. 
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide 
for non-statisticians. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 10(2), 
486-9. 
Gichamo, T. Z., Popescu, I., Jonoski, A., & Solomatine, D. (2012).  River cross-section 
extraction from the ASTER global DEM for flood modelling. Environmental 
Modelling Software, 31, 37–46.  
Gilles, D. W. (2010). Application of numerical models for improvement of flood 
preparedness. MS (Master of Science) thesis, University of Iowa. 
121 
 
Gomez, C. (2017). Tsunami Flood Simulation Investigation using NAYS-2D code in Kobe-
City.[Research Report] Kobe University.  
Gomez, C., & Purdie, H. (2018). Point cloud technology and 2D computational flow 
dynamic modelling for rapid hazards and disaster risk appraisal on Yellow Creek fan, 
Southern Alps of New Zealand. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 5(1).  
Gorokhovich, Y., Voustianiouk, A. (2006). Accuracy assessment of the processed 
SRTM-based elevation data by CGIAR using field data from the USA and Thailand 
and its relation to the terrain characteristics. Remote Sensing of Environment, 104 (4), 
409–415. 
GTOPO READ me file (2015, January). Retrieved from http://edcdaac.usgs. gov/ 
gtopo30 /README.asp. 
Gunasekara, I. P. A. (2008). Flood hazard mapping in lower reach of Kelani basin. 
Journal of the Institution of Engineers, 45 (2),149-154. 
Gupta, H. V., Sorooshian, S., & Yapo, P. O. (1998). Toward improved calibration of 
hydrologic models: Multiple and non-commensurable measures of information, Water 
Resour. Res. 34, 4, 751-763, doi: 10.1029/97WR03495. 
Gupta, H. V., Sorooshian, S., Yapo, P. O. (1999). Status of automatic calibration for 
hydrologic models: comparison with multilevel expert calibration. Journal of 
Hydrological Engineering, 4(2), 135–143. 
Haile, A. T. (2005). Integrating Hydrodynamic Models and High-Resolution DEM 
(LIDAR) for flood modelling. MSc Theses, International Institute for geo-information 
science and earth observation, Netherlands. 
Haile, A. & Rientjes, T. (2005). Effects of LiDAR DEM resolution in flood modelling: 
a model sensitivity study for the city of Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Isprs Wg Iii/3, Iii/4 
workshop” Laserscanning”, Netherland, 168–173. 
Hale, J. (2003). Urban flood routing, the next step. WaPUG Autumn Conference, 
Blackpool, UK. 
Hall, J. W., Tarantola, S., Bates, P. D., & Horritt, M. S. (2005). Distributed Sensitivity 
Analysis of Flood Inundation Model Calibration.  Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 
131, 117–126. 
Hamby, D. M. (1994). A review of techniques for parameter sensitivity analysis of 
environmental models. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 32(2), 135-154. 
Hashmi, H. N., Siddiqui, Q. T. M., Kamal, M. A., Mughal, H. R., & Ghumman, A. R. 
(2012). Assessment of inundation extent for flash flood management.    African 
Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(8), 1346-1357. 
HEC-RAS River Analysis System (2010) Hydraulic Reference Manual. US Army 
Corps of Engineers-Hydrologic Engineering Center. 
Hodgson, M. E, Jensen, J. R., Schmidt, L., Schill, S., & Davis, B. (2003).  An 
evaluation of LIDAR-and IFSAR-derived digital elevation models in leaf-on 
conditions with USGS Level 1 and Level 2 DEMs. Remote Sensing Environment, 84, 
295–308. 
122 
 
Höhle, J., & Höhle, M. (2009). Accuracy assessment of digital elevation models by 
means of robust statistical methods. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetric Remote 
Sensing, 64, 398–406.  
Holmes, K. W., Chadwick, O. A., & Kyriankidis, P. C. (2000). Error in USGS 30 meter 
digital elevation model and its impact on terrain modelling.  Journal of Hydrology, 
233, 154–173. 
Horritt, M. S. & Bates, P. D. (2001). Predicting floodplain inundation: Raster-based 
modelling versus the finite-element approach. Hydrological Processes, 15(5), 825–
842. 
Huggel, C., Caplan-Auerbach, J., Gruber, S., Monia, B., & Wessels, R. (2008). The 
2005 Mt. Steller, Alaska, rock-ice avalanche: Large slope failures in cold permafrost; 
In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, 29 July 2008, 
Fairbanks, AK, 747–752. 
Ibbitt, R. P., & O’Donnell, T. (1971). Fitting methods for conceptual catchment 
models. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 97 (9), 1331–1342. 
iRIC Software. (2014). Nays2DH Solver Manual. 
Irie, M., Ahmed, B. A. O., & Komatsu, S. (2015). Numerical Simulation of the 
Inundation on the Floodplain of Senegal River for the Improvement of the Agricultural 
Productivity in Mauritania. Journal of Arid Land Studies, 25(3), 121-124. 
Jang, C. L., & Shimizu, Y. (2005). Numerical simulation of relatively wide, shallow 
channels with erodible banks. Journal Hydraulic Engineering, 131(7), 565–575. 
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A., & Guevara, E. (2012). Hole-filled SRTM for the 
globe Version 4. CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Database 2008. http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org. 
Accessed on 1 July 2012. 
Jung, Y., & Merwade, V. (2011). Uncertainty Quantification in Flood Inundation 
Mapping Using Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimate and Sensitivity 
Analysis.  Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 17(4), 507–520. 
Julian, E. (2012). Flood risk analysis: impacts of uncertainty in hazard modelling and 
vulnerability assessment on damage estimations. PhD thesis, University of Strasbourg, 
France. 
Jung, Y., & Merwade, V. (2011). Uncertainty Quantification in Flood Inundation 
Mapping Using Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimate and Sensitivity 
Analysis.  Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE, 17(4), 507–520. 
Kenward, T., Lettenmaier, D. P., Wood, E. F., & Fielding, E., (2000). Effects of digital 
elevation model accuracy on hydrologic predictions. Remote Sensing of Environment, 
74 (3), 432-444. 
Kiamehr, R. (2005). Effect of the SRTM global DEM on the determination of a high-
resolution geoid model : a case study in Iran, 79, 540–551. 
Kourgialas, N. N., & Karatzas, G. P. (2013). A hydro-economic modelling framework 
for flood damage estimation and the role of riparian vegetation. Hydrological 
Processes, 27(4), 515–531.  
123 
 
Krause, P., Boyle, D. P., & Bäse, F. (2005). Comparison of different efficiency criteria 
for hydrological model assessment. Advances in Geosciences, 5, 89–97. https://doi.org 
/ 10.5194/adgeo-5-89-2005. 
Laks, I., Sojka, M.,   Walczak, Z., & Wrózynski, R. (2017).  Possibilities of Using 
Low-Quality Digital Elevation Models of Floodplains in Hydraulic Numerical Models 
Water, 9, 283. 
Lang, P. (2010). TELEMAC-2D Software Manual, Version 6.0. 
Legates, D. R. & McCabe Jr., G. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of “goodness-of-fit” 
measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation, Water Resources 
Research, 35 (1), 233–241. 
Li, J. & Wong, D. W. S. (2010). Effects of DEM sources on hydrologic applications. 
Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 34(3), 251–261.  
Lin, S., Jing, C., Coles, N. A., Chaplot, V., Moore, N.  J., & Wu, J.  (2012).  Evaluating 
DEM source and resolution uncertainties in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool.  
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 27(1), 209–221. 
Mara, T. A., Tarantola, S., & Annoni, P. (2015). Non-parametric methods for global 
sensitivity analysis of model output with dependent inputs. Environmental Modelling 
Software, 72, 173-183. 
Marks, K. & Bates, P. (2000). Integration of high-resolution topographic data with 
floodplain models. Hydrologic processes, 14, 2109-2122. 
Ma, L., Ascough II, J. C., Ahuja, L. R., Shaffer, M. J., Hanson, J. D. & Rojas., K. W. 
(2000). Root zone water quality model sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo 
simulation. Trans. ASAE43(4):883-895. 
Mata-Lima, H. (2011). Evaluation of the objective functions to improve production 
history matching performance based on fluid flow behaviour in reservoirs. Journal of 
Petroleum Science and Engineering, 78(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.petrol. 
2011.05.015. 
Mazlan, M., &  Razi, M. (2014). Generation of flood inundation model-General 
approach and methodology, 4(3), 19-25. 
Merwade, V., Cook, A., & Coonrod, J. (2008). GIS techniques for creating river terrain 
models for hydrodynamic modelling and flood inundation mapping. Environmental 
Modelling & Software, 23, 1300-1311. 
Merwade, V., Olivera, F., Arabi, M., & Edleman, S.  (2008). Uncertainty in Flood 
Inundation Mapping: Current issues and future directions.  Journal of Hydrologic 
Engineering, 13(7), 608–620. 
Monica, J. D. (2015). Flood modelling and the influence of digital terrain models:  A 
case study of the Swannanoa River in North Carolina. MA Thesis, Appalachian State 
University. 
Moore, I. D., Grayson, R. B., & Ladson, A. R. (1991). Digital terrain modelling : a 
review of hydrological, geomorphological and biological applications, Hydrological 
124 
 
process, 5, 3–30. 
Moriasi, D. N, Arnold, J. G., Lewis, M. W. V., Bingner, R. L., Harmel, R. D., & Veith, 
T. L. (2007). Model Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of Accuracy 
in Watershed Simulations. American Society of Agricultural and Biological 
Engineers, 50(3), 885-900. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153. 
Moussa, R., & Bocquillon, C. (1996). Criteria for the choice of flood-routing methods 
in natural channels. Journal of Hydrology, 186, 1–30. 
Mukherjee, S., Joshi, P. K., Mukherjee, S., & Ghosh, A. (2013). Evaluation of vertical 
accuracy of open source Digital Elevation Model (DEM). International Journal of 
Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 21(1), 205–217.  
Mukherjee, S., Mukherjee, S., Bhardwaj, A., Mukhopadhyay, A., Garg, R. D., & 
Hazra, S. (2015). Accuracy of Cartosat-1 DEM and its derived attribute, Journal of 
Earth System Science, 124, 487–495. 
Nandalal, K. D. W. (2009). Use of the hydrodynamic model to forecast floods of Kalu 
River in Sri Lanka. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2,151-158. 
Nash, J. E., & Sutcliffee, J.  (1970).   River flow forecasting through conceptual models 
Part I-A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology, 10 (3), 282–290. 
Nelson, J. M., Shimizu, Y., Takebayashi, H., & McDonald, R. R. (2010). The 
International river interface cooperative: public domain software for river modelling. 
2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Las Vegas, NV. 
Nelson et al. (2016). The international river interface cooperative: Public domain flow 
and morphodynamics software for education and applications, Advances in Water 
Resources, 93, 62-74. 
O’Brien, J. D. (2006). FLO-2D User’s Manual, Version 2006.01. FLO Engineering: 
Nutrioso. 
O'Callaghan, J., & Mark, D. (1984). The extraction of drainage networks from digital 
elevation data. Computer vision, graphics, and image processing, 28 (3), 323-344. 
Pakoksung, K., & Takagi, M. (2016). Digital elevation models on accuracy validation 
and bias correction in vertical. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2(1).  
Páez, A., Farber, S., & Wheeler, D. (2011). A simulation-based study of 
geographically weighted regression as a method for investigating spatially varying 
relationships. Environment and Planning, 43(12), 2992-3010. 
Peña, F., & Nardi, F. (2018). Floodplain Terrain Analysis for Coarse Resolution 2D 
Flood Modeling. Hydrology, 5(4), 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5040052. 
Papaioannou, G., Loukas, A., Vasiliades, L., & Aronica, G. T. (2016). Flood 
inundation mapping sensitivity to riverine spatial resolution and modelling approach. 
Natural Hazards, 83(S1), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2382-1. 
Pappenberger, F., Beven, K., Horritt, M., & Blazkova, S. (2005). Uncertainty in the 
calibration of effective roughness parameters in  HEC-RAS  using inundation and 
downstream level observations. Journal of Hydrology, 302, 46–69. 
125 
 
Pappenberger, F., Matgen, P., Beven, K. J., Henry, J. B., Pfister, L., & Fraipont, P.  
(2006). Influence of uncertain boundary conditions and model structure on flood 
inundation predictions. Advances in Water Resources, 29(10), 1430–1449. 
Pappenberger, F., Beven, K. J., Ratto, M., Matgen, P. (2008). Multi-method global 
sensitivity analysis of flood inundation models. Advanced Water Resources 31 (1), 1-
14. 
Rabus, B., Eineder, M., Roth, A., & Bamler, R. (2003). The shuttle radar topography 
mission – a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS 
Journal of Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing, 57, 241–262. 
Rai, P. K., Dhanya, C. T., & Chahar, B. R. (2018). Coupling of 1D models (SWAT 
and SWMM) with 2D model (iRIC) for mapping inundation in Brahmani and Baitarani 
river delta. Natural Hazards, 92(3), 1821–1840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-
3281-4. 
Rayburg, S., Thoms, M., & Neave, M.  (2009).  A  comparison of digital elevation 
models generated from different data sources. Geomorphology, 106, 261–270. 
Rodgriguez, E., Morris, C., & Belz, J. (2006). A global assessment of SRTM 
performance. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 72, 249–260. 
Rutschmann, P., & Hager, W. (1996). Diffusion of flood waves. Journal of Hydrology, 
178, 19–32. 
Samuels, P. G. (1990). Cross-section location in one-dimensional models.International 
Conference on River Flood Hydraulics, 339-350. 
Samarasinghe, S. M. J. S., Nandalal, H. K., Weliwitiya, D. P., Fowze, J. S. M.,  
Hazarika, M. K., & Samarakoon, L. (2010). Application of Remote Sensing and GIS 
for flood risk analysis: a case study at Kalu River, Sri Lanka, International Archives 
of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume 
XXXVIII, Part 8. 
Sanders, B. F. (2007). Evaluation of online DEMs for flood inundation modelling. 
Advances in Water Resources, 30(8), 1831–1843.  
Saltelli, A., Chan, K., & Scott, M. (2000). Sensitivity analysis, Wiley, New York. 
Schumann, G., Matgen, P., Cutler, M. E. J., Black, A., Hoffmann, L., & Pfister, L. 
(2008). Comparison of remotely sensed water stages from LiDAR, topographic 
contours and SRTM. Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 63(3), 283–
296. 
Shokory, J. A. N., Tsutsumi, J. G., & Sakai, K. (2016). Flood Modeling and Simulation 
using iRIC : A Case Study of Kabul City. 3rd European Conference on Flood Risk 
Management. 
Siddarth, S. (2014). Investigating the role of dem resolution and accuracy on flood 
inundation mapping. MSc Thesis, Purdue University. 
Srinivas, K., Werner, M., & Wright, N. (2008). Comparing forecast skill of inundation 
models of differing complexity: The case of Upton upon Severn. Flood Risk 
Management: Research and Practice, 85–94. 
126 
 
Smith, S., Holland, D., & Longley, P. (2004). The importance of understanding error 
in Lidar digital elevation models. Proceedings of XXth ISPRS. 
Smith, S. L H. D. A., & Longley, P. A. (2003). The effect of changing grid size in the 
creation of laser scanner digital surface models. URL:www.geocomputation.org. 
Access date:12/2004.  
Snead, D. B. (2000). Development and application of unsteady flow models using 
geographic information systems.  Master  Thesis.  University of Texas at  Austin, 
Texas. 
Straatsma,  M.,  &  Huthoff,  F.  (2011).  Uncertainty in  2D  hydrodynamic models 
from errors in roughness parameterization based on aerial images. Physics and 
Chemistry of the Earth, 36, 324–334. 
Sun, G., Ranson, K. J., Kharuk, V. I., & Kovacs, K. (2003). Validation of surface 
height from shuttle radar topography mission using shuttle laser altimetry, Remote 
Sensing Environment, 88, 401–411. 
Tate, E. C., Maidment, D. R., Olivera, F., & Anderson, D. J. (2002). Creating a Terrain 
Model for Floodplain Mapping. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 7, 100–108. 
Tarekegn, T. H., Haile, A. T., Rientjes, T., Reggiani, P., & Alkema, D. (2010). 
Assessment of ASTER generated DEM for 2D hydrodynamic flood modelling. 
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 12(6), 457–
465. 
Tekleab, S., Uhlenbrook, S., Mohamed, Y., Savenije, H. H., Temesgen, M., & 
Wenninger, J. (2011).  Water Balance Modeling of Upper Blue Nile Catchments using 
a TopDown Approach. Copernicus Publication. 
Thompson, J. A., Bell, J. C.,  & Butler, C. A. (2001). Digital elevation model 
resolution, Effects on terrain attribute calculation and quantitative soil-landscape 
modelling. Geoderma, 100, 67–89. 
Thornton,  P. E.,  Running,  S. W., & White,  M. A. (1997). Generating surface of a 
daily meteorological variable over large regions of complex terrain.  Journal of  
Hydrology, 190 (3–4), 214–250. 
Tsubaki, R., & Kawahara, Y., (2013). The uncertainty of local flow parameters during 
inundation flow over complex topographies with elevation errors. Journal of 
Hydrology, 486, 71-87. 
USACE, (2002). US-Army Corps of Engineers, HEC-River Analysis System, 
Hydraulic Reference Manual, Version 3.1. 
U.S. Geological Survey [web log post]. Retrieved August 15,2018, from http:// 
earthexplorer.usgs.gov. 
Vaze, J., Teng, J., & Spencer, G. (2010). Impact of DEM accuracy and resolution on 
topographic indices. Environmental Modelling and Software, 25(10), 1086–1098.  
Varga, M., & Bašić, T. (2015). Accuracy validation and comparison of global digital 
elevation models over Croatia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 36(1), 170–
189.  
127 
 
Vanderkimpen, P., Melger, E., & Peeters, P. (2009.). Flood modelling for risk 
evaluation- a MIKE FLOOD vs. SOBEK 1D2D benchmark study. Flood Risk 
Management: Research and Practice (CRC Press 2008), 77–84. https://doi.org/ 
10.1201/ 9780 2038 83 020. ch9. 
Van Niel, T. G., McVicar, T. R., Li, L., Gallant, J. C., & Yang, Q. (2008). The impact 
of misregistration on SRTM and DEM image differences. Remote Sensing of 
Environment, 112 (5), 2430–2442.  
Walczak, Z., Sojka, M., Wrózy´nski, R., & Laks, I. (2016). Estimation of Polder 
Retention Capacity Based on ASTER, SRTM and LIDAR DEMs: The Case of 
Majdany Polder (West Poland). Water, 8, 230.   
Waseem, M., Mani, N., Andiego, G., & Usman, M. (2017). A review of criteria of fit 
for hydrological models. International Research Journal of Engineering and 
Technology, 04 (11), 1765-1772. 
Wang, W., Yang, X., & Yao, T. (2011). Evaluation of ASTER GDEM and SRTM and 
their suitability in hydraulic modelling of a glacial lake outburst flood in southeast 
Tibet, Hydrological Process, 26, 213–225.   
Werner, M. G. F. (2001). Impact of grid size in GIS-based flood extent mapping using 
a 1-D flow model. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans 
and Atmosphere, 26(7–8), 517–522.  
Werner, M. G. F., Hunter, N. M., & Bates, P. D. (2005). Identifiability of distributed 
floodplain roughness values in flood extent estimation.  Journal of Hydrology, 314, 
139–157. 
Wongsa, S. (2014). Simulation of Thailand Flood 2011. International Journal of 
Engineering and Technology, 6(6), 452–458. https:// doi . org / 10 . 7763 / IJ ET  . 
2014.V6.740. 
World Meteorological Organization. (1975) Inter-comparison of conceptual models 
used in operational hydrological forecasting. (Operational hydrology report 
no.7/WMO- No 429). Geneva, Switzerland. 
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)(2003). Our Future Climate Publication, 
WO-952.  
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (2008). Guide to Hydrological Practices. 
Volume I: Hydrology-from Measurement to Hydrological Information. WMO No. 
168. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. 
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Global Water Partnership (GWP), 
(2013). Integrated Flood Management Tools Series No.20. 
Wright, N. G., Villanueva, I., Bates, P. D., Mason, D. C., Wilson, M. D., Pender, G., 
Neelz, S. (2008). Case Study of the Use of Remotely Sensed Data for Modeling Flood 
Inundation on the River Severn, U.K. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. (ASCE) 134 
(5). 
Xiong, L., & Guo, S. (1999). A two-parameter monthly water balance model and its 
application. Journal of Hydrology, 216(1–2), 111–123. 
128 
 
Yalcin, G., & Akyurek, Z. (2004). Analysing flood vulnerable areas with multicriteria 
evaluation. International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, XXth 
ISPRS Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 12-23 July. 
Yap, B. W., & Sim, C. H. (2011). Comparisons of various types of normality tests, 
Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 81, 2141-2155.