FARU - 2022

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://192.248.9.226/handle/123/19878

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Prospect of establishing smart car park system for commercial buildings in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Abeynayake, MDTE; Menoli kaushalya, PL
‘Car parking’ can be considered as a pivotal challenge and one of the major contributors to traffic congestion in urban areas. This challenge is a result of a dramatic increase in numbers of automobiles on the roads as well as surge in population. Recently, smart car parking management has become an ideal solution for the parking with the emergence of IoT technology. At present, the deployment of smart technologies has rapidly increased specially in the developed countries, in the world. Hence, this study aims to explore the challenges and problems for implementation of smart car system and to make recommendations for implement it tob the Sri Lankan context.. This research carried out in developed countries do not ideally and best suit for developing countries as the economic, social and cultural contexts of the developed countries are different from that of the developing countries. Therefore, this study goes beyond that and addresses about smart car parking system that assisted users to solve the issue of finding a parking space and to minimize the time spent in searching of the nearest available car park, based on the case studies encompassing commercial buildings within the Sri Lankan context. In this research, a comprehensive literature review was conducted with the view to review the concept of smart car parking system and semi structured interviews covering the case studies and expert interviews were carried out. Data gathered, was examined using cross case analysis utilizing qualitative analysis tool namely Nvivo 12 and content analysis. Results of the research can be applied to the Sri Lankan context stepwise in different stages .Therefore, this research has focused to identify the stages of developing smart car parking system along with the identification of benefits, barriers and suitable recommendations as well. Thus, the intended research outcome of this research which is to explore the establishment of smart car park system for commercial buildings in Sri Lanka to mitigate the traffic congestion and to effectively utilize the limited space is successfully accomplished.
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The Role of biophilic design in hotel architecture: a case study of Heritance Kandalama, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Ariyawansa, DN; Perera, NGR
Humans have a natural affiliation with nature which can even be genetically traced back into history. Biophilia is the inherent human inclination to affiliate with nature, that even in the modern world, continues to be critical to people’s physical and mental health, and well-being. The Hospitality Industry is a sector that can get the maximum benefit from this affiliation. Guests' opinions and feedback are highly valid, as they are the real users of hotel spaces. The primary aim of the research is to correlate the user experience to the role of biophilic designs in hotel spaces. This qualitative study is based on the twenty-five-point biophilic design framework by Kellert and utilises user surveys to collect and collate relationships. Heritance Kandalama, Sri Lanka is analysed as a case study. Results show that users associate biophilic design elements as essential generators of their spatial experience and that the guest experience of study-identified hotel spaces varies according to different biophilic triggers. Further, spaces created within a conceptually cohesive whole can hold a varied experience. In conclusion, the application of the biophilic framework as a guide for architectural meaning and spatial variance of experience is deemed effective.
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Factors affecting energy consumption of commercial buildings in Sri Lanka
(2022) Alahakoon, SS; Silva, HALV; Kulatunga, U
With the expansion and development of Sri Lanka's economic practices and the modernization, client expectations for commercial building facilities have tremendously enhanced. Therefore, commercial building management has more focused on providing more effective and efficient buildings facilities to satisfy varied client requirements. Hence, commercial buildings need to consume a huge amount of energy to provide these facilities. However high energy consumption has caused to increase the energy cost, which takes a large proportion of the operation cost of commercial buildings. Ultimately all these causes adversely impact on the profit and the overall financial performance of the commercial buildings. Therefore, identification of main affecting ices which utilize energy mostly and factors effecting for the energy consumption by different building services is highly required for commercial buildings to gain economic advantage and to be sustainable firms. Through conducting a comprehensive literature review, the energy consumption of commercial buildings, energy management, including benefits of using energy management have been reviewed. Subsequently, a qualitative research choice was used to achieve the research aim. Semi-structured interviews were accompanied with 20 participants who are working in commercial buildings who are working in building management department and financial department respondents. Collected data were analyzed using manual content analysis technique. The empirical findings revealed the challenges of high energy consumption and reasons for growing energy consumption in commercial buildings. Further, widely used energy sources in commercial buildings were and finally, factors effecting on the energy consumption of commercial buildings in Sri Lanka were identified
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Investigation of application of green infrastructure practices for storm water management in urban areas: a case study of Diyatha Uyana
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, University of Moratuwa, 2022-12-02) Iddamalgoda, IDMP.; Warusavitharana, E
With rapid urbanization, uncontrolled storm water runoff is one of the major problems facing urban areas at the present. Therefore, it can be seen as inducing flash flood events and water quality degradation in urban areas. In the Sri Lankan context, this same problem can be seen in urban areas. One of the issues facing urban areas is inadequate storm water drainage systems and limited space. At present, most urban areas have broadly used Green Infrastructure (GI) to reduce this situation in developing countries as an innovative and sustainable SWM approach. This Research is basically focused to examine the capability of reducing the impact of surface runoff using GI considering before- after situations (2005, 2021) in Diyatha Uyana and its surrounding as a case study area. When examining the research question, is explained the result with runoff retention index, runoff volume per watershed (m3), and runoff retention volume per pixel (m3) of the study area. Under various rainfall depths can be seen as a high retention index rather than before-situation of Diyatha Uyan
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Environmental psychological considerations for people working in shared spaces; a study of co-working spaces: concerning Colombo, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Thilakarathne, TMSK; Hettiarachchi, AA
While coworking has been a global trending topic since the new millennium, the Sri Lankan coworking industry starts with the economic boom at the war's end. As coworking is a new concept in the country, its adaptations and impacts need to study for future adjustments and growth. This study aims to provide a basis for space design fields to make sense of human behavior in co-working places by specializing in the context of "space." The layouts of two Colombo-based coworking environments were examined; Co-nnect and Likuid Spaces. The results showed that both the coworking environment layout arrangements and co-workers’ attitudes should improve in being true to core working core values. While it gives a standard framework for future research, it sheds light on the Sri Lankan interior designers, business researchers, and venture capitalists towards new opportunities in the coworking industry.
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Occupational health and safety of municipal solid waste handlers in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, University of Moratuwa, 2022-12-02) Thisakya, PG; Dissanayake, DMPP
Due to improper Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), waste has become one of the pollution sources and caused diverse environmental impacts as well as negative impacts on human health and safety. Despite adverse health impacts on many living organisms, MSW handlers are also subjected to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issues in Sri Lanka. Although, they play a significant role in MSWM, the OHS of MSW handlers has been neglected in Sri Lanka. So far, no studies have been carried out on the same. Thus, it has become a timely requirement for exploring the OHS issues faced by MSW handlers. This paper therefore aimed to explore the occupational injuries and illnesses that MSW handlers are associated with, and the basic causes which leads to such OHS issues. Accordingly, a qualitative research approach with two case studies was utilised to achieve the aim of the research. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with both authority level and worker level employees. Collected data were analysed using content analysis with the support of NVivo 12 plus software. The findings reflected that MSW handlers mostly suffer from back pain, slipping and falling, knee/calf pain, and headaches/migraine due to the nature of the job. Manual handling, negligence of use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), poor working environment, inadequate training and instructions, careless behaviour, health condition and age level of MSW handlers are identified as fundamental causes that greatly impact of OHS issues. Both OHS issues and respective causes are bound with organisational, cultural, economic, financial, and individual aspects that are unique to the Sri Lankan context. Finally, the findings generated through this study can be employed in many ways by respective industry practitioners to take informative decision to enhance the OHS of MSW handlers.
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Challenges for last planner system implementation; Sri Lankan construction industry perspective
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Madushanka, TH; Ranadewa, KATO
In a rapidly moving world, it is imperative to adopt the latest tools and techniques for the Sri Lankan construction industry to survive in the global market. The Last Planner System (LPS) is one such tool that sets out a proper communication medium and regulates the workflow throughout the construction by individual phase monitoring and remedying the process. Yet, the implementation of LPS is still in the infancy stage in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the potential challenges of implementing LPS within the Sri Lankan construction industry. Nine industry experts were identified by judgemental sampling, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data related to the research under the qualitative approach. Content analysis was used to analyse the data using NVIVO. The research identified 42 challenges pertaining to five LPS stages for the Sri Lankan construction industry. Further, the Master planning and Phase planning stages are crucial as it has many challenges during the implementation compared to other stages. It is recommended to identify the specific challenges concerning each firm’s infrastructure for successful LPS implementation in the Sri Lankan construction industry. This research uncovers further areas to identify the strategies to minimize the identified LPS implementation challenges.
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A Property valuation model to identify thriving real estate opportunities, based on spatial factors
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Senadheera, S; Warusavitharana, E
Traditional valuation techniques are used to evaluate the value of a property in most developing countries, despite the fact that the world is expanding with new technical developments in every discipline, including spatial science. Traditional techniques are primarily biased on physical and economic variables, but not on spatial variables. As a result, the purpose of this study is to investigate the gap in practice in advanced valuation approaches that can grasp the impact of spatial (geographical) variables on a property's value. In order to experiment it, a valuation model using the Geographical Information System has been created for an urban local area that generates the spatial heterogeneity of property values. Also, a coefficient of correlation analysis was carried out to identify relationship strengths with the property’s value. Results indicated that in the case study area, the strongest impact on property value is from the spatial variables of distance to main city, distance to major “A” class road and breadth of access road in order. Further, a multi linear regression equation has been derived to generate an estimation of each plot’s property assessed value. Ultimately this model could serve as a guidance tool for any real estate party to estimate property values based on spatial variables.
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An Assessment of skill and competency gaps in the construction industry: the case of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing workers
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Prabhashwara, KMBC; Waidyasekara, KGAS; Jayathilaka, RDWW
Most countries including Sri Lanka suffer from the skill and competency gap of labours in construction projects. Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) sectors are one of the main trades which takes maximum advantage of skilled labours. Although several researches have been conducted to find skills gap and labour shortage related to masonry work, carpentry, tiling, etc., few studies have been conducted related to MEP sector in the Sri Lankan construction industry. Hence, this paper focused on assessing skills gap and competency gap in MEP sector of Sri Lankan construction industry. Subsequent to the comprehensive literature review, questionnaire survey and expert interviews were carried out adopting mixed method approach, to analyze the skills gap. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed through mean weighted rating and manual content analysis respectively. The study revealed that learning, numerical, reading and writing are the skills which have highest skills gap while performing general physical activities, directing and training subordinates, and monitoring of activities have most competency gap. Enhancement of MEP related courses, improvement of training facilities, increment of awareness on MEP sector, and providing proper salaries can significantly address the current skills gap.
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Spatial configuration and neighbourhood characteristics’ impact on activities in informal spaces: a case study of Badulupitiya informal settlements in Badulla
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Perera, MKS; Coorey, SBA
Spatial configuration plays a role in the formation and types of neighbourhood activities. The common in-between spaces in an informal neighbourhood plays an important role in sustaining socio-economic networks and activities within the neighbourhood. The spatial configuration can create and enhance these activities and networks among its residents. This research investigates the spatial configuration of urban, dense, self – organized (informal) neighbourhood in Badulla and the activities generated within these spaces. It explores the positive social networks and interactions impacted by spatial configuration. Systematic observations, user perceptions, and space syntax is used to explore activities in space, the quality of space and the spatial configurations . Research findings show that necessary and social activities are dominant in spatially integrated space which are also visually and physically accessible, connected to the neighbourhood and commercial activities with high levels of surveillance. While optional activities dominate the spatially segregated spaces study also shows that these spaces are also socially disconnected with poor land use mix, links to residences, and low visual connections with other buildings. Physical characteristics further deterred these spaces from being socially and physically active. Even though functions that encourage social and active activity types are located in these spaces, such as play areas, playgrounds, these spaces are underutilised. Study shows that the physical chracteristics of the spaces also play a role in generating different activity types and nature of activity. Generating spaces with more surveillance, connectivity to other land uses such as shops, and houses and higher visibility can encourage more social activities even in the segregated spaces. The ad-hoc street side spaces and streets, lanes, alleys have become the major social spaces in the neighbourhood. Designated social spaces must be spatially integrated with a higher visibility, and accessibility to residential, commercial functions for better utilisation of those spaces.
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Impact of nature connectedness in reducing depression, anxiety and stress of working community during Covid - 19 pandemic Insights from IT Sector in Colombo, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Hettiarachchi, AA; Wijethunge, WMDL
Professionals in the IT sector are subjected to many stressors leading to an array of mental imbalances and disorders. Nature deprivation: lack of connectedness to nature amidst their busy task oriented, accuracy related stressful work schedules can be highlighted as a significant factor causing poor mental health. In view of this, the current investigation focuses on inquiring the impact of ‘Work From Home’ (WFH) scenario on depression, anxiety, and stress levels of the IT sector employees during pandemic with special reference to their level of exposure to nature. A sample of Software Engineers who were working from office before pandemic (n=35) based in Colombo, Sri Lanka were examined in this investigation via a mixed method. DASS 21 self-report scale was adopted to record the perceived depression, stress, and anxiety levels of participants both before the pandemic when Working from Office (WFO) and during the pandemic once shifted to WFH scenario. A questionnaire survey designed by the author was executed to record the participants level of connectedness to nature during WFO scenario and during pandemic when WFH at his/her own workstation. It was observed that the number of participants having depression, anxiety, and stress in different levels (45%, 52%, 45% respectively) during WFO with less nature connectedness (46%) has significantly reduced during WFH scenario (30%,34%, 16% respectively) with increased nature connectedness (74%). Increasing the possibility to create more connections with nature by participants during WFH set up can be identified as a significant variable in reducing their depression, anxiety, and stress levels. The findings of this study sheds light on actions that organizations can take to lessen the negative impact of techno-stressors on mental well-being of workers in the IT industry.
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Apartment design for sense of wellbeing: a case study of apartment dwellers during the pandemic in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Seneviratne, TTA; Coorey, SBA
The impact of Apartment Design on the well-being of occupants has become even more critical during the time of the Covid-19 Pandemic. This health crisis is emphasizing the need for resilient built form, especially in the field of housing. Unlike standalone housing, communal housing in the form of high-rise apartments pose many challenges to the lifestyle and the sense of well-being of residents during a pandemic. Lockdowns, social isolation, and quarantine have an adverse impact on the physical, social, and mental well-being of apartment dwellers. This study aims to explore the sense of well-being, their adaptations, and resilience to living in apartments during the Covid-19 pandemic, through a case study of an upper-middle-income apartment complex in Sri Lanka. Primary data on respondents’ perceptions, lifestyle during the pandemic, and the challenges to their well-being are explored via online surveys among 38 respondents. Secondary data on the apartment design features are explored via observations and document analysis. Both descriptive statistics and content analysis is conducted to explore the quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Findings reveal apartment design considerations for more resilient and adaptable dwellings in the face of a pandemic, to address the sense of well-being of its dwellers.
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Visual landscape characteristics and tourists’ satisfaction: a study with reference to Nuwara-Eliya, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Sewwandi, HHSP
The power of the landscape to draw tourists seeking spectacle has a long tradition and landscapes are prone to the tourism industry. Sri Lanka is well-known as a popular tourist destination, because of the country's unique natural landscape characteristics. Even though the country's landscape is the main tourist attraction, there is no proper identification of the major characteristics that attract tourists and what meets their satisfaction in a landscape. With aiming that, the primary purpose of this study was to understand the impact of the visual landscape characteristics on the tourists’ satisfaction and the study was conducted in Nuwara-Eliya urban context. Study referred to various visual landscape characters and their quality by a visual landscape quality assessment which focuses on visual landscape qualities derived from visual concepts related to the field of study. The study highlights the inherent features of visual concept and the significance of the visual landscape characteristics of selected landscapes based on a theoretical framework, which can benefit in design improvising in such landscapes. The finding revealed that the visual characters of landscapes are a subjective measure taken by individuals based on their perception and the link between tourism and the visual landscape is unbreakable and vital to the tourism industry.
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An investigation of the process of commercial gentrification & optimum utilization of land at neighbourhood levels
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, University of Moratuwa, 2022-12-02) Lakprasadini, KADH; Rizvi, NM
Commercial Gentrification has a significant impact on the spatial transformations of ordinary settlements to commercial users. This research focuses on the process of commercial gentrification taking place with the establishment of an educational institution in a prevailing residential neighborhood. It is intended to identify the spatial planning implications and the possible spatial planning response to optimize the benefits of induced land-use changes at neighborhood levels. The need for a planning intervention at the neighborhood level to prevent the negative consequences of such spatial transformations, as well as the planning intervention of such spatial transformations, is emphasized in many previous studies as prospective research areas. Kernal Density Estimation, Standard deviational ellipse, Word query, and Cloud analysis methods were used to comprehend the data gathered through qualitative methods. The process of commercial gentrification was identified in terms of the changes in building use, spatial implications, spatialities of the process, and the economies of commercial gentrification. The findings of the study demonstrate that the process of commercial gentrification taking place in the neighborhood has been driven by three major contextual factors and elaborates the need for a neighborhood-level planning intervention by suggesting strategies to promote equitable development to maximize the benefit of the neighborhood transformation
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User experience in traditional domestic preparation products in different cultures of Sri Lanka: Special reference to String Hopper Press (“Idiappa Wangediya”)
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Hettiarachchi, AD; Ranasinghe, WMND
Traditional domestic manual handling products have many unique characteristics according to cultural backgrounds. Although to complete one task, people are using different products in different contexts in Sri Lanka. These products have cultural (Sinhala, Tamil, Muslim) related practices, thinking patterns and different user experiences with a specific context. But after globalization these products have been developed and replaced with other products. Therefore, user perspectives, behaviors, and relationships with cultural products and users have changed. Therefore, research contains user experience in String Hopper Press (“Idiappa Wangediya”) and its variations in many other cultures in Sri Lanka. Samples are selected according to the current use and available products in the market. The analysis is based on User Experience theories. Finally, traditional products used in different cultures have different user experiences that are gained from cultural values. Therefore, it is hard for users to adapt to other products from different cultures and hard to change usual behaviors with the product.
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The Visual characteristics of railside landscape for tourists’ satisfaction
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Guruge, SPPGDK; De Silva, W
Moving Landscape Aesthetic Quality (MLAQ) has been a topic that had taken less attention from the researchers. Though a great effort is given to interpret the aesthetic quality of the landscape, the tourists’ preference for the moving journey has not been much talked about. The objective of this research is to study the Independent and interdependent moving Railside landscape character through landscape indicators, which is found by considering the tourist satisfaction. This paper gives important information on human landscape preference (perception) which will add value to the moving railway landscape. The study is based on seven landscape indicators (coherence, disturbance, complexity, mystery, naturalness, Imageability, and visual scale). Colombo Fort to Badulla railway landscape experience is investigated with a sample of thirty participants. Data was collected based on an online questionnaire survey with quantitative and qualitative data. Six case studies were selected for the survey by analyzing the overall result of the areas by considering the geomorphology and the spatial character of the landscape. Findings revealed that the moving landscape character of the railway journey inspires the tourist satisfaction.
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Impacts of covid-19 on individuals’ behaviour & perception in public space: a case study of Colombo, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Bopitiyegedara, N; Jayasinghe, AB; Mahanama, PKS
SARS‐CoV‐2 has become a global pandemic while impacting most sectors including public space (PS). In the citizens-view, PS have become unfamiliar places with distant social interactions in a pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of covid-19 on individuals’ behaviour & perception in PS. Limited studies attempted and different contexts find out the different results, make curiosity to apply it into the Sri Lankan context with case studies of Galle Face, Pettah Railway Station, World Trade Centre and Independent Square. Using semi-structured interviews carried out data among 27 participants. Public perception is measured using changes of experience, interest & their satisfaction level. Individual behaviour measured using Frequency of visiting place and time duration spent there. According to the results, 92.6% of respondents have a sufficient understanding of pandemic. Therefore, they adapt their behaviour to reduce the risk and protect themselves. Because even 62% of respondents answered that they feel more insecure in place than before the pandemic, 56.5% did not change their frequency of visiting the place. But 68% of respondents changed their spending time. Observations shows, people mostly use, move, and react in wide places without being crowded.
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Role of urban planning & design interventions in strengthening the sense of place of historic sites in Kurunegala, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Subasingha, SMVU; Rathnayake, RMSR
Urban planning or design interventions that alter the built environment or the current functions of the place in which they are implemented have the potential to change the meaning of those places, particularly for those who use them. This study addresses the growing knowledge gap regarding the role of planning and design interventions in strengthening the sense of place taking two planning and design interventions in historic sites in Kurunegala, Sri Lanka, as examples. A sample of 35 users were interviewed to get the average community perception, consisting of students, workers, nonemployees, and businessmen. Amongst the two projects, based on the research findings, Lake Round Development Project is recorded as the most frequently visited, closest, and the most memorable historic place in Kurunegala compared to Rajapihilla Park development. This leads to the conclusion that planning and design interventions have different abilities to either hide or emphasize place values, such as historic value, and affect the sense of place and overall urban image.
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Adoption of 3D printing technology in Sri Lanka's construction industry
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Cooray, NKV; Coomasaru, P
The construction industry does have a history of embracing new technologies more slowly than other sectors. 3D construction is a revolutionary technology that has recently identified as a possible technology with the potential to enhance the construction industry's effectiveness and efficiency. This research attempts to provide strategies for integrating this technology into the Sri Lankan construction industry. Using NVIVO, a literature review was carried out and recorded. First, a prototype questionnaire survey was conducted based on findings from the literature, followed by a regular questionnaire survey with 39 professionals with 5 to 20 years of experience to identify bottlenecks and enablers. In addition to the questionnaire, interviews were conducted with three experts with more than 30 years of professional experience to validate its outcomes. "Workforce unprepared to engage with 3D printing," "lack of standards or rules for 3D printing technology," and "high investment requirements" were the top three reported impediments. As enablers, design flexibility, cost advantages, and time savings were highlighted. As a final objective, three strategies were identified: "Conduct training for industry staff on how to interact with 3D printing," "facilitate the collaborative approach (partnering)," and "Construction industry to establish a new set of standards, guidelines, rules and regulations pertaining to adaptation of 3D printing into construction industry."
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Suitability of alternative dispute resolution methods based on risk factors to the Sri Lankan construction industry
(Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022-12-02) Hapuarachchi, HNM; Udayangani, K
Disputes in construction projects always used to resolve in litigation, where nowadays parties use new innovative dispute resolution methods known as Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR)s. Many ADR-related studies in the local context are relevant to its applicability, enforceability, and effectiveness, whereas less studies exist on the choice of ADR method(s). Further, the literature proves risk in construction projects can be used as a criterion to select ADR methods, where studies are very less. Followingly, this study focused on developing a matrix based on risk factors in the construction industry for the choice of ADR method(s) under mixed research approach. The literature survey explored ADR method(s) and risk factors. Expert interviews were executed with five experts to filter the risk factors under the choice of ADR method(s) where 10 out of 15 risk factors were chosen as applicable for the study. Then, a structured questionnaire was designed with expert interview findings and distributed among 40 experts, where 34 responses were received. The responses were analyzed through Relative Importance Index technique. Thus, ADR methods were ranked against risk factors based on RII values and developed the matrix. The result proves negotiation is the best ADR method where conciliation, mediation, dispute adjudication and arbitration are suitable respectively.

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