Abstract:
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining wall systems represent by far the most widely used type
of retaining wall used by the transportation industry in the United States. These retaining walls have
three primary components: (a) wall facing, (b) soil reinforcement and (c) select granular backfill.
Precast concrete panels with typical dimensions of SftxSft are most commonly used as wall facing while
galvanized steel strips and grids are most common among soil reinforcement. The integrity of these wall
systems relies heavily on proper interaction between soil reinforcement and the granular backfill. More
specifically pullout resistance of the reinforcement that is embedded in the backfill is an important
design parameter that controls the internal stability of the wall system. In routine design practice, the
pullout resistance is estimated based on semi-empirical equations that have been developed based on
available test data. However, there are several drawbacks in the use of such semi-empirical equations.
First, these semi-empirical relationships represent a broader range of backfill including some low
quality material. Therefore, they generally provide pullout resistance estimates that are too
conservative. Secondly, most of the pullout test data have been obtained from small scale test systems
and therefore may not correctly simulate actual reinforcement-soil interaction that may occur under
field conditions. Finally, none of the testing conducted to date has investigated alternative
reinforcement configurations used in the field to circumvent obstructions behind the wall facing. This
paper will describe a large-scale pullout test program conducted at Texas Tech University to fill the gaps
in existing knowledge base. This pullout test system used has dimensions of 12ft xl2ft in plan and 4ft in
height. It can accommodate 3 layers of soil reinforcement in a single filling. The pullout test system has
the capability to simulate 40-ft of soil overburden. This is accomplished by placing 9 pressure plates,
each 4ft x4ft in size over the soil and by pressurizing a series of hydraulic jacks between the plates and
reaction beams. The test program included two different types of soil reinforcement; (a) 2-in wide, 160-
mil thick ribbed steel strips, and (b) steel grids with varying sizes of longitudinal and transverse bar sizes
and spacings. The paper will provide a detailed description of the test system, test procedure and
provide an overview of significant findings from over 250 pullouts tests that have been completed to
date.
