Abstract:
ISO standard sand is a siliceous natural sand used in the testing of cement for the SLSI
certification process, material approval in construction projects, and material clearance in
importing cement. Testing laboratories in government institutes and cement manufacturers
import standard sand as it is not produced in Sri Lanka. According to the market survey carried
out among the cement manufacturers and testing agencies, standard sand is imported mainly
from China, France and Germany. Under the current economic situation in Sri Lanka, the
government has imposed restrictions on importing standard sand required for the testing of
cement. Hence, this research is mainly focused on developing ISO standard sand using locally
available materials. There are several requirements for standard sand specified in SLS ISO 679
– Methods of testing cements – Determination of Strength, such as particle size distribution,
and moisture content, and it must be verified with reference sand. The main mineral phase in
standard sand and reference sand is Quartz. Hence, locally available vein quartz and silica sand
were selected for this study due to their high silica content. Silica sand was obtained from the
Marawila area in the Puttalam district, and Quartz powder from Naula in the Matale district.
The sieve analysis was conducted for both washed silica sand and Quartz powder using the
relevant sieves to separate each size fraction. It was observed that the percentage of particles
less than 150 microns in silica sand from Marawila was very small. Therefore, Quartz powder
was used to meet the particle size fraction less than 150 microns requirement. Standard sand
was prepared by combing both silica sources to satisfy the requirements specified in SLS ISO
679.
The compressive strength of cement mortar samples prepared with imported ISO standard sand
and standard sand prepared with local sand were determined as per the procedure given in SLS
ISO 679 standard. It was observed that the particle size distribution of ISO Standard sand has
a considerable effect on the compressive strength of cement mortar, even when it is within the
recommended band limits as specified in SLS ISO 679. It was also observed that, even with
the same particle size distribution, there was a variation of strength between different sand
sources. These results indicate the importance of controlling not only particle size distribution
but also characteristics of sand particles, such as particle shape and surface texture, when
developing standard sand in order to obtain consistent results when testing cement for strength.
Inter-laboratory test results of different cement types with the developed local standard sand
indicate that the repeatability and reproducibility of the compressive strength test results are at
a satisfactory level.
