Mitigation of challenges in the commercialization pathway of perovskite solar cells

Abstract

In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSC) have attracted significant interest in the solar cell industry due to their steep increase in photovoltaic performances, from 4% in 2009 to 26.7 % in 2025. The significant progress can be attributed to the outstanding optoelectronic properties of the perovskite materials, including low exciton binding energy at room temperature, strong light absorption, high carrier mobility, and tunable band gaps through compositional engineering. In addition, PSCs offer simple and affordable fabrication processes, making them an attractive alternative to silicon solar cells. The conventional 3D perovskite structure is denoted by the standard formula of ABX3, where A, B, X are a monovalent cation, a divalent metal cation, and a halide anion, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. Despite their advantages, PSC commercialization is hindered by stability and Pb-toxicity. Exposure of PSCs to heat, humidity, and UV light accelerates degradation, while Pb poses serious environmental and health risks due to potential leaching.