Broken window theory and littering behavior: a study of spatial-behavioral relationship in medium-sized cities of Sri Lanka

Abstract

The study focuses on studying the applicability of the Broken Window theory to understand spatial-behavioral relationships, focusing on littering behavior in medium-sized cities in Sri Lanka. Recognizing littering as a multifaceted urban issue, the research review prior studies conducted on the matter that focuses on social and behavioral aspects but overlooks spatial factors. With Panadura, Sri Lanka as the case study, the research identifies locations with high litter accumulation in various public spaces and identifies their spatial characters, such as signs of neglect, disorder, damages, and poor maintenance, aligning with Broken Window Theory’s premise that signs of disorder can encourage further disorder. A questionnaire survey conducted with controlled visual stimuli of identified spatial characters indicate that respondents are more likely to associate littering with neglected or disorderly spaces while noting that littering can occur more in these spaces, and exhibit stronger place attachment towards well-maintained, natural, or orderly environments. The findings affirm that proper maintenance and order in public spaces will foster strong place attachment and discourage littering. Offering an effective strategy to address urban waste issue beyond conventional enforcement. The study highlights the importance of integrating spatial planning and environmental cues into waste management of urban cities to enhance their livability.