Bird nesting and droppings in high-rise buildings : a literature review

Abstract

Bird nesting and droppings create substantial barriers to the operations and maintenance of high-rise buildings in urban areas, consequently creating numerous issues for buildings and their stakeholders. Therefore, it is crucial to properly investigate this significant problem and provide robust solutions. As an initial step, a comprehensive literature review on the research domain was conducted to explore the concerns of bird nesting and droppings in high-rise buildings, employing content analysis as the analysis method. Findings revealed that numerous factors affect bird nesting and droppings, which can cause impacts on building elements, health and safety of building stakeholders, aesthetic aspects of the building, and financial status of the business carried out in the building. According to the findings, the strategies that are currently practised to manage these issues include integrated pest management, habitat modification, physical and bio-acoustic deterrents, chemical repellents and technological solutions. The findings of this comprehensive literature review establish a strong foundation to enhance the field of facilities management in urban high-rise structures by providing essential knowledge on this long-standing issue. In addition, this study creates a basis for future research to identify more effective prevention methods and improved facility planning, design, and management practices.