Managing end-of-life impacts of solar photovoltaic systems: a Sri Lankan perspective

Abstract

The rapid expansion of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems as part of the global transition toward renewable energy has raised increasing concerns regarding the environmental impact of their End-Of-Life (EOL). Although solar PV technology contributes significantly to renewable electricity generation and has been widely adopted in Sri Lanka, the management of PV systems that have reached their EOL remains insufficiently explored in the local context. With projections indicating that global PV panel waste could reach approximately 78 million tonnes by 2050, effective EOL management strategies have become increasingly important. This study investigates how the EOL management of solar PV systems can be improved to minimise their environmental impact. A qualitative research approach was adopted, using semi-structured interviews, with participants selected through purposive sampling based on their professional experience in the local solar PV sector and their knowledge of EOL practices. The collected data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed ten strategies for improving EOL management, grouped into five key categories: government leadership, recycling infrastructure, circularity in design, extended producer responsibility, and awareness building. Government leadership emerged as a significant contributor, highlighting the need for supportive regulations, incentives for recycling, and the establishment of collection schemes for EOL solar PV systems. Moreover, the study emphasised integrating circularity principles into solar PV system design, including the use of recyclable and sustainable materials, modular components, and less material-intensive components. The findings provide practical insights for strengthening EOL management and supporting the sustainable expansion of solar PV systems in Sri Lanka.