Advancing SDG 6 through integrated water conservation in Sri Lanka: a review-based framework and implementation pathway

Abstract

Sri Lanka has several existing water conservation measures, including rainwater harvesting, wastewater reuse, demand-side efficiency, green building provisions and policy instruments. However, these measures are often implemented separately, limiting their collective effectiveness and contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 6. This study examines how existing conservation measures can be better integrated within the Sri Lankan context. A structured review-based qualitative thematic synthesis was conducted using journal articles, Sri Lankan policy documents, technical guidelines, project reports and international best-practice sources, with evidence organised and coded to identify recurring conservation measures, implementation barriers and enabling mechanisms. The thematic synthesis resulted in four themes: water supply, treatment and reuse systems; demand-side water use and end-use efficiency; built environment and design-based strategies; and governance, policy and economic instruments. The synthesis identifies fragmented implementation, institutional coordination gaps, inadequate monitoring and inconsistent user adoption as recurring constraints across the four thematic areas. Based on these findings, a Multi-Layer Water Conservation Framework is proposed to connect policy and governance, infrastructure and design, technology and systems, and user and demand considerations. A phased Implementation Pathway Framework further translates these components into short-, mediumand long-term actions aligned with relevant national SDG 6 targets and water-sector priorities. Together, the frameworks provide a structured basis for moving from isolated conservation measures towards more coordinated water conservation planning in Sri Lanka, thereby supporting progress towards SDG 6.