A Framework for ecosystem services valuation into coastal landscape design: a case study of Bentota River Estuary

Abstract

The Coastal ecosystems provide important ecological and social and economic services. Rapid urbanization, over tourism, and climate change are degrading the eco systems. The study investigates how ecosystem services assessment (ESV) can be effectively integrated into coastal landscape design to address this issue. The research applies valuation methods to assess the ecological and economic value of key ecosystem services, maps their spatial distribution to identify high-value and vulnerable zones, and formulates a practical framework to guide landscape architects in incorporating ESV . The research is a case study of the Bentota River estuary in Sri Lanka. The study follows a mixed-methods approach that combines geographic modeling with socio economic assessment by capturing both ecological and human perspectives. Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) carbon storage and sequestration model was used for biophysical assessment. The results highlight the tension between environmental conservation and tourism based development, while also pointing up opportunities for conservation zoning and nature integrated design. The socio economic dimension was captured through a willingness to pay (WTP) survey. Findings indicated significant support for structured mechanisms such as taxation and entrance fees at higher WTP levels whereas voluntary donations were more common at lower levels. By integrating ecological data with socio economic valuation the research proposes an actionable framework for landscape architects and policymakers. The framework links carbon mapping and WTP analysis with space design recommendations, policy prescriptions, and community based conservation frameworks. It can be cascaded to other coastal regions of Sri Lanka and supported with climate resilience, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development.