Sustainable solar: addressing the growing need for PV panel recycling

Abstract

The rapid expansion of solar energy has raised critical concerns regarding the disposal of end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) panels. This research aims to assess the current landscape of solar panel recycling and explore the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks, recycling technologies, and policy interventions in supporting a sustainable solar energy future. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines secondary data analysis of regulatory framework and policies from European Union, United Kingdom, United States and Asia with cross-national case studies of Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The research evaluates recycling infrastructure, cost implications, material recovery rates, and public awareness to understand existing gaps and opportunities. Findings indicate that while recycling offers substantial environmental and economic benefits—such as resource conservation, job creation, and emissions reduction—barriers including high costs, limited facilities, and low consumer engagement impede widespread adoption. Emerging innovations in mechanical and chemical recycling processes show promise in improving material recovery rates and reducing energy input. The study also highlights how extended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes and circular economy policies can strengthen compliance and investment. Addressing these challenges is essential to reinforce solar energy’s contribution to climate goals and to ensure that PV technology remains sustainable over its entire lifecycle. The study’s implications call for coordinated global action, stronger regulatory enforcement, technological advancement, and public awareness to build an efficient and economically viable recycling ecosystem for solar panels.