Living landscapes: indigenous nature-based solutions through human–mammal coexistence in southern Bangladesh

Abstract

This paper explores the indigenous practice of otter-fisher community as mammal conservation through livelihood integration. Bangladesh, one of the largest deltas, is shaped by dynamic river network that has sustains diverse water-based livelihood. Over centuries, fishing has evolved with diverse techniques, influencing not only economic practices but also settlement morphology. One such unique method is otter-assisted fishing, where trained smooth-coated otters (Lutrogale perspicillata) are used to chase fish towards nets. This ancient practice exemplifies a deep-rooted coexistence between humans and a semi-domesticated mammal, which has contributed significantly to the conservation of otters in the wild. However, this practice is now in sharp decline due to climate-induced changes, youth migration to alternative livelihoods, and adoption of alternative fishing methods. Therefore, the number of active otter fishers has drastically reduced, threatening both the species and traditional knowledge system. This study assesses how Nature-Based Solutions (NbS), as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), can restore this biodiversity. Through case study analysis, this research examines how spatial dynamics at settlement, clusters, and homestead scale align with NbS principles. The findings can develop community-centric policy that strengthen ecological conservation and socio-economic resilience, contributing to the restoration of nature-based ecosystems under IUCN framework