Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of solar panel installation

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for a 1 kWp multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) module installed in Sri Lanka. The analysis encompasses the entire life cycle of the PV module, including material acquisition, production, distribution, use, and end-of-life stages. The findings indicate that the life cycle GHG emissions total 2,569.35 kgCO2e/kWp, with the production stage in China being the primary contributor due to high energy and material demands. Significant emission sources include the extraction and processing of silicon, electricity consumption during manufacturing, and the distribution of modules from China to Sri Lanka. However, the PV modules' operational phase yields substantial emission reductions, with an annual GHG reduction of 637.1 kgCO2e/kWp, resulting in a payback period of approximately 4.03 years. Furthermore, the study emphasises the impact of module design and production location on GHG emissions, noting that sourcing modules from regions with cleaner energy mixes can significantly lower emissions. It also highlights the importance of adopting efficient solar technologies and implementing recycling programs to further reduce environmental impacts. Comparisons with global studies show that the emissions associated with Sri Lanka’s PV modules are within an acceptable range, reinforcing the viability of solar power as a sustainable energy source for the country. The research underscores the critical role of up-to-date inventories and accurate electricity yield calculations in promoting sustainable solar module designs and reducing the carbon footprint of solar energy installations.