Age-related variations in spatial cognition and spatial behaviour in botanic gardens: evidence from the royal botanic gardens, Peradeniya

Abstract

Botanic gardens have evolved beyond plant conservation and research to serve as multifunctional landscapes. The study emphasises regeneration, sustainability, and resilient design, discovering user interactions and adaptations in these environments, an area that remains underexplored. Spatial cognition is reflected through spatial behaviour. This study examines the spatial behaviours of different age groups in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, to understand spatial cognition and its reflective behaviours. The study used the mixed-methods approach. The data collection was conducted based on four main methods to reduce bias and increase validity. A questionnaire survey, Onsite visitor interviews, three expert interviews, and onsite observation and mapping over three days of the peak visiting time. The study revealed that different age groups exhibit different spatial behaviours in the botanical gardens according to their cognitive abilities. The findings indicate that spatial behaviour varies across age groups. Young adults tend to explore more actively and navigate using landmarks, while older adults rely on signage, follow familiar routes, and prefer shaded resting areas. Children engage in educational exploration and can influence family movement patterns. These insights demonstrate the importance of age-responsive landscape design in enhancing navigation, spatial cognition, and overall user experience.