Effects of spatial navigation on visuo-spatial working memory in children with autism: a study on ‘special units’ from primary schools in Negombo, Sri Lanka

Abstract

Wayfinding is an important feature that has a substantial impact on autistic children's cognitive and spatial abilities in educational settings, yet it is typically overlooked in inclusive educational design. The study investigates the impact of wayfinding on visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) of autistic children in two school settings with ‘Special Unit’s’ in Negombo, Sri Lanka. Using a mixed-method approach, the research evaluates the effects of architectural wayfinding on cognitive performance through pre and post intervention VSWM assessments using the Corsi-block tapping tasks across both Assisted Wayfinding Tasks (guided navigation) and Unassisted Wayfinding Tasks (independent navigation) across a sample of 23 autistic students and navigational impairments using wayfinding questionnaires. The research further studies the wayfinding patterns through a series of behavioral mapping exercises and parametric observation done through a photographic study. The study found that post-task accuracy declined in both navigation contexts, with unassisted tasks exhibiting lesser losses (Case 01: -25.5%; Case 02: -33.48%). Recall times increased in supported activities (Case 01: +43.22%; Case 02: +32.2%) while improving in unassisted tasks (Case 01: -8.62%; Case 02: +4.95%). Error rates dropped somewhat (-8.33% in unsupported tasks). Case 02 demonstrated severe spatial anxiety (≥31), chronic distance estimate deficits, and a modest decrease in navigation orientation. Behavioral observations revealed that autistic children prefer straightforward routes, shaded green settings, and enclosed spaces for sensory modulation. However, both investigated environments lacked critical wayfinding aids for reducing cognitive strain. Recommendations can help architects, designers, and educators create autism-friendly spaces that enhance navigation and cognitive outcomes. Future research should look into long-term cognitive effects and wayfinding in unfamiliar environments in order to improve navigation tactics and assistance for various sensory needs.