Evaluating non-structural interventions for dam safety : insights from hydraulic simulation, stakeholder perspectives, and community-focused prototypes

Abstract

Dam failures pose severe threats to both human life and socio-economic stability, often resulting in catastrophic losses. This study sets out to critically examine the socio-economic impacts of dam failures and to investigate innovative non-structural measures for risk reduction, with a focus on enhancing community preparedness. A mixed-methods approach underpinned by a pragmatist philosophy was adopted, integrating narrative and systematic literature reviews, hydraulic modelling, GIS-based analysis, agent-based modelling (ABM), stakeholder interviews, and gamification. Literature reviews synthesized global evidence on dam failure impacts and identified gaps in existing preparedness strategies. A case study of the Kantale Dam in Sri Lanka was conducted using 2D HEC-RAS modelling to simulate potential dam-break scenarios, producing detailed inundation maps and hazard parameters. These outputs were combined with socio-economic data and validated through semi-structured interviews, which provided insights into vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities of local communities. To translate complex risk information into accessible and participatory formats, the study developed a serious board game as a gamified non-structural intervention. Iteratively refined through pilot studies, the game successfully engaged participants, improved their knowledge of dam-related challenges, and fostered collaborative decision-making. The findings confirm that integrating technical modelling with community-based educational tools significantly enhances disaster preparedness. The research contributes to knowledge by advancing hybrid methodologies, demonstrating the value of ABM in simulating human behavior under disaster conditions, and pioneering a gamified approach to dam safety education. These contributions provide a replicable framework for policymakers and practitioners to strengthen dam safety management and reduce disaster risk in vulnerable regions.